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Lpu: Genbio 1 > Subcellular organelles > Flashcards

Subcellular organelles Flashcards

1
Q

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

A

Eukaryote

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2
Q

are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

terOrganelles of the cell are divided into three groups.

A

Genetic control of the cell, Endomembrane system, Energy Houses

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4
Q

This is a prominent, usually oval structure in a eukaryotic cell.

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

It is located in almost the center of the cell.

A

Nucleolus

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6
Q

Parts of the nucleus

A
  1. nucleolus
  2. nucleoplasm
  3. nuclear envelope
  4. nuclear pores
  5. chromosomes
  6. chromatin
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7
Q

Is the semifluid matrix.

A

Nucleoplasm

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8
Q

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

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9
Q

Permit the passage of ribosomal subunits and mRNA out of the nucleus in the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear pores

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10
Q

Are the organelles that use instructions from the nucleus , written in mRNA, to build proteins

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

Are found in the cytosol (Free roaming)

A

Free ribosomes

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12
Q

Are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

A

Bound ribosomes

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13
Q

Some scientists believed that the nucleus evolved as a result of invagination. Much scientific evidence also shows that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose when a large eukaryotic cell engulfed independent prokaryotes. This relationship is later on referred to as the

A

Endosymbiotic theory

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14
Q

States that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote). The aerobic bacteria were initially free-living prokaryotes, before being ingested by anaerobic bacteria.

A

Endosymbiotic theory

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15
Q

Are carriers of genetic information and that the nucleus is the command center of the cell.

A

Chromosomes

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16
Q

_________ is a network of strands that condenses
and undergoes coiling into rod-like structures called_________

A

Chromatin, Chromosomes

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17
Q

It is a double membrane that is similar to the plasma membrane of the cell. It physically separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm but is still able to communicate with the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores.

A

Nuclear envelope

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18
Q

act like gatekeepers to regulate what comes in and out of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear pore complexes

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19
Q

are composed of DNA which are units of heredity
located on the chromosome.

A

Genes

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20
Q

illustrate the three types of RNA
produced in the nucleus:

A

Ribosomal RNA, Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)

21
Q

Which is a dark region of
chromatin, produces the ribosomal RNA.

A

Nucleolus

22
Q

This is where the rRNA joins with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes.

A

Nucleolus

23
Q

Are small units in the cytoplasm that work for protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

24
Q

is a mobile molecule that acts as an intermediary for DNA, which specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

A

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

25
Q

participates in the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide by
recognizing both mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis.

A

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

26
Q

RNA stands for

A

Ribonucleic Acid

27
Q

Are the organelles that use instructions from the nucleus,
written in mRNA, to build proteins.

A

Ribosomes

28
Q

These can be found in the cytosol, which are called

A

Free Ribosome

29
Q

They can also be attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope, as

A

Bound Ribosome

30
Q

are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.

A

Bound ribosomes

31
Q

Thousands of ribosomes are attached to the outer surface, giving this organelle a “rough” appearance. Their main role is to produce proteins.

A

Rough ER

31
Q

This does not have attached ribosomes. This organelle produces lipids.

A

Smooth ER

32
Q

These serve functions similar to a warehouse responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids.

A

Golgi Bodies

33
Q

Keeps the cell clean by digesting and breaking the bacteria or food entering the cell (Phagocytosis) or worn-out organelles into small pieces (Autophagy)

A

Lysosomes

34
Q

Lysosome breaking down food or bacteria is called as

A

Phagocytosis

35
Q

Lysosome breaking down worn out organelles into pieces is called as

A

Autophagy

36
Q

These contain enzymes, serve as metabolic assistance to organelles, and specialize in synthesizing & breaking down lipids.

A

Peroxisomes

37
Q

Are membrane-bounded vesicles that enclose enzymes. Free ribosomes synthesize these enzymes.

A

Peroxisomes

38
Q

These serve as a storage of water, organic nutrients, various salts, sugar & some weak acids.

A

Vacoules

39
Q

Is known as a “powerhouse of the cell”

A

Mitochondrion

40
Q

It is unique to plant and algae cells. This organelle perform photosynthesis.

A

Chloroplast

41
Q

All peroxisomes contain enzymes that result in the creation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which is a toxic molecule that is immediately broken down to water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) by another peroxisomal enzyme called

A

Catalase

42
Q

The ________ of a plant cell is a versatile compartment that stores organic nutrients, such as proteins and poisons, that protect against plant-eating animals.

A

central vacuole

43
Q

Both membranes (Mitochondrion) have a phospholipid bilayer with a unique collection of embedded proteins. Its inner membrane is highly convoluted into folds called cristae that project into the __________ which adds tremendous surface area to the inner membrane.

A

Cristae

44
Q

By increasing the surface area of this membrane (Cristae), the cristae maximize ATP output. The inner membrane encloses a semifluid _________ that contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.

A

Matrix

45
Q

The ___________ is highly concentrated mixture of enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates and other nutrient molecules.

A

Matrix

46
Q

Disks that occur in the interconnected stack are called ________ are the chloroplast’s solar power packs which trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy.

A

grana

47
Q

A network of interconnected sacs called ____________ is suspended in the stroma.

A

thylakoids

48
Q

The compartment inside the inner membrane holds a thick fluid called __________, which contains enzymes and the chloroplast’s own DNA, and the interior of a network of membrane-enclosed disks and tubes.

A

stroma

Lpu: Genbio 1 (6 decks)

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