Stuttering as a Response

Question 1

Does anticipation cause stuttering?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

Anticipation explanations

Answer 2

A signal in the brain that something is gone wrong; anticipation may also be the direct block

Question 3

Consistency effect

Answer 3

When stuttering occurs on the same words/junctures. Likely from an internal association rather than a conscious association.

Question 4

Adjacency effect

Answer 4

Stuttering congregates around certain junctures in the speech-language stream

Question 5

Brown’s four factors

Answer 5

Syllables are more likely to be stuttered if they are:

1. Word initial
2. Parts of longer words
3. Near the beginning of the statement
4. Grammatical function

Question 6

More stuttering is associated with (5)

Answer 6

Content words (not true for children)
Earlier words in the utterance
Longer words
Unfamiliar information
Increased communicative pressure

Question 7

Attentional factors in stuttering

Answer 7

PWS are less likely to stutter in novel situations. Similarly stuttering is less likely to occur when the PWS is highly emotional or when engaging in another activity. Distraction seems to be the key!

Question 8

Adaptation effect

Answer 8

Stuttering diminishes over repeated readings (likely due to reduction of fear)

Question 9

White noise effect

Answer 9

Stuttering diminishes in the presence of noise. Not a long-term solution

Question 10

Altered Auditory feedback

Answer 10

Works for some PWS with an opposite effect in some PWNS. Based on the choral effect

Question 11

Metronome effect

Answer 11

Speaking to a beat may reduce stuttering, but possibly because of novelty