Lecture 3

Question 1

Previously believed non-causes of stuttering (4)

Answer 1

1. Punishment from God
2. Oral fixation
3. Structural deficits
4. Psychoneruosis

Question 2

What makes the phenomenon of stuttering difficult to explain?

Answer 2

Variability, Onset v. development, persistence v. recovery

Question 3

Aspects of a good theory (4)

Answer 3

1. Validity (able to predict something)
2. Elegant and parsimonious (simple)
3. Testable and flexible
4. Has explanatory power

Question 4

Overarching types of stuttering theories (2)

Answer 4

1. Moment–refers to overt stuttering

2. Etiology–refers to the why; can cover covert stuttering

Question 5

Sub-types of etiological stuttering theories (3)

Answer 5

1. Breakdown (tries to find the why in process)
2. Repressed need (tries to find why in unconscious psych)
3. Anticipatory struggle (tries to find why in conscious psych)

Question 6

Cerebral Dominance Theory –Orton and Travis

Answer 6

Most people have cerebral dominance, but PWS have bilateral dominance and signals are sent at the same time.

This is not generally believed now, but modern studies do show unusual hemispheric activity in PWS.

Question 7

Failure of Automaticity –West; Mysak

Answer 7

PWS attempt to exert conscious control over the automatic process of speech

Question 8

Diagnosogeic Theory –Johnson

Answer 8

Stuttering is created by negative reactions to normal disfluency

The Tudor study tried to create PWS through negative feedback to normal disfluency, but failed.

Question 9

Anticipatory Avoidance –Johnson

Answer 9

Stuttering is interruptions caused by the speaker’s attempts not to stutter.

Question 10

Continuity Hypothesis –Bloodstein

Answer 10

Stuttering deviates from normal fluency breaks because of communicative pressure

Question 11

Approach-Avoidance Conflict –Sheehan

Answer 11

The desire to avoid speaking outweighs the desire to speak (silent blocks)

The desire to speak outweighs the desire to avoid speaking (stuttering)

Question 12

Early-onset Psycholinguistic –Bernstein-Ratner

Answer 12

Stuttering occurs because of difficulty encoding syntactic units

Question 13

Phonological Psycholinguistic –Wingate

Answer 13

Stuttering occurs because of a difficulty transitioning between the onset and the rime

Question 14

Neuropsycholinguistic model –Perkins, Kent, Curlee

Answer 14

Asynchronous arrival of segmental and suprasegmental information causes stuttering–typical v. atypical is determined by the speaker’s perceptionof time pressure

Question 15

Covert Repair Hypothesis

Answer 15

Internal, pre-articulatory hypermonitoring and repairing of utterances

Question 16

Vicious Cycle Hypothesis

Answer 16

Hypermonitoring of otherwise normal articulatory plans

Question 17

Ex-Plan Model

Answer 17

Dyssynchrony between the planning and execution. Linguistic plans are sent out incomplete.

Question 18

Computational Models

Answer 18

Based on automaticity models

Question 19

Adaptive Motor Theory Model

Answer 19

Stuttering is caused by an intermittent flaw in the integration of perception and production

Question 20

DIVA Model –Max et al

Answer 20

Stuttering is caused by weakness in the feed-forward system and an over reliance on feedback

Question 21

Multifactorial Model –Zimmerman

Answer 21

Reduced tolerance/instability of oral movements is caused by various stressors

Question 22

Demands and Capacities Model

Answer 22

The environmental demands for fluency are higher than the child’s capacity

Question 23

Strengths and flaws of multifactorial models

Answer 23

Multifactorial models can help clinicians explain the nature of stuttering to patients, but are too broad for use in research