Lecture 4

Question 1

Observations from MRI studies

Answer 1

Atypicalities in white matter volume, integrity, and function

Question 2

Observations from EEG studies

Answer 2

Slow and reduced electrophysiological responses with atypical R hemisphere processing

Differences in phonological processing between typical speakers, temporary PWS, and chronic PWS

Question 3

Observations from MEG studies

Answer 3

Differences in sequencing of brain activation with reduced neural activity prior to fluent speech

PreKWS did not exhibit lateralization abnormalities

Question 4

Observations from PET studies

Answer 4

Absence of typical L hemisphere lateralization with increased activation in the ACC

Question 5

Observations from fMRI studies (3)

Answer 5

Stuttering “signatures”

1. Overactivation in the R IFG–frontal operculum (trait)
2. Underactivation of the auditory cortex (both)
3. Overactivation of the cerebellum (state)

Question 6

Neural changes following therapy

Answer 6

Reduced activation in the R hemisphere

Simulated stuttering led to increased activation in the auditory cortex, but imagined stuttering led to activation patterns similar to those in overt stuttering

Question 7

Trait v. State

Answer 7

Trait–always present in PWS

State–only present during instances of stuttering

Question 8

Speech-related differences in PWS during fluent speech (6)

Answer 8

1. VOT
2. Reaction time
3. Formant transitions
4. Non-word repetitions
5. Listener perceptions
6. Subglottal pressure

Question 9

Temperament in children and stuttering

Answer 9

CWS are significantly more reactive and less able to self-regulate and adapt

Question 10

Linguistics and CWS

Answer 10

CWS may demonstrate phonological delays/disorders

CWS may demonstrate developmental asynchronies