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Question 1

Flow through kidneys starting at glomerulus?

Answer 1

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop-ascending and descending limb, distal convoluted tubule and back into collecting system

Question 2

Glomerular filtration

Answer 2

The movement of substance from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space

Question 3

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 3

The movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood

Question 4

Tubular seretion

Answer 4

The movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

Question 5

Main function of the loop of henle?

Answer 5

Create a very salty environment to help concentrate the urine by causing the water to be reabsorbed (*osmotic balance)

Question 6

Difference between cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron?

Answer 6

Cortical’s bulk is in the cortex (more of them) and juxtamedullary is extended primarily into the medulla (less of them)

Question 7

What is found in the cortex of a kidney?

Answer 7

Renal columns, renal corpuscles, PCT/DCT, *brown

Question 8

What is found in the medulla of a kidney?

Answer 8

Pyramids, medullary rays, loops of henle and collecting tubules, *red

Question 9

what is the median umbilical fold in fetal development?

Answer 9

urachus

in adult, bladder to navel

Question 10

incontinance

Answer 10

lose of voluntary control of external sphincter typically in older women due to weak pelvic floor

Question 11

renal calculi

Answer 11

kidney stones; calcium salt stones in renal system (meds to break up)

Question 12

What is the difference the sympathetic ganglion chain and the IML? Importance?

Answer 12

The IML only goes down to L2/3 BUT the sympathetic chain goes down to the coccyx. This is important because it means there is ONLY descending fibers after L2/3 for sympathetic ganglion chain

Question 13

**why does T12-L2 have white and grey rami?

Answer 13

Because IML reaches to L2/3. Therefore you still have presynaptic white and postsynaptic gray

Question 14

Why does L3- L5 only have gray rami?

Answer 14

Because the IML only reached L2/3 and everything inferior has to be descending (so it cannot have white rami coming in, ONLY gray postsynaptic leaving)

Question 15

what two vertebrae overlap in lumbar and saccral plexus?

Answer 15

lumbar 4 and lumbar 5

Question 16

How is the cutaneous innervation for the gluts odd?

Answer 16

Nerve for the muscles come from lumbosacral plexus BUT innervation cutaneously is emerging from dorsal rami

Question 17

Explain the relationship between the piriformis muscle and sciatic nerve?

Answer 17

88% have sciatic nerve emerging BELOW piriformis, BUT ½ can pierce through the muscle or it can fully pierce through the muscle or it can emerge above

Question 18

Why not give a shot in the glut maximus? Where are most injections?

Answer 18

Because the presence of the sciatic nerve (and superior/inferior gluteal nerves)! Most injections in the superior lateral gluteal region in the gluteus medius or TFL (because it is safer and has less nerves)

Question 19

Positive Trendelenburg sign?

Answer 19

Means there is a superior gluteal nerve lesion. Example: injury on the right= dipping down motion on CONTRALATERAL SIDE (aka left) bc the muscles aren’t contracting. Contracting muscles= good/stable

Question 20

What is cruciate anastomosis? What arteries form cruciating anatomoses?

Answer 20

Network of blood around the head of humerus; provides anatomical insurance incase anything happens with femoral artery. Medial circumflex artery, inferior gluteal artery, lateral circumflex artery, 1st perforating artery (and femoral artery)

Question 21

What is the clinical relevance of the femoral triangle?

Answer 21

Location of femoral hernias, heart work=inserting cathode or balloon stint, great pulse point, arteriole grams

Question 22

Is the inguinal hernia or femoral hernia more common? Why? How do you check for a femoral hernia?

Answer 22

Inguinal, mainly because it is an already open space. It is lateral to the pubic tubercle (and the inguinal hernia would be found medial). So palpate for the superficial ring to determine if the buldge is from the medial or lateral side

Question 23

Describe how LE reflexes work?

Answer 23

1) Stimulus is tapping on tendon
2) Send afferent info back to spinal nerves
3) Efferent response affects
a. Direct effect= kicking of leg (afferent to efferent)
b. Inhibits antagonistic muscle (afferent to interneum)

Question 24

What does a knee jerk (patellar reflex) test?

Answer 24

L3-4, femoral nerve (quadricep muscle)

Question 25

What does the achilles reflex test?

Answer 25

S1, tests integrity of tibial nerve (posterior compartment)

Question 26

Once the femoral artery emerges through the adductor hiatus it is called?

Answer 26

Popliteal artery

Question 27

What are the 4 LE pulse points?

Answer 27

Femoral (at femoral triangle), popliteal (posterior part of relaxed knee), dorsalis pedis pulse (top of foot by ankle), and posterior tibial pulse (medial part of ankle below bump)

Question 28

What two LE pulse points can are used to check peripheral circulation?

Answer 28

Dorsalis pedis pulse and posterior tibial pulse

Question 29

What is sciatica?

Answer 29

When the sciatic nerve is compressed when it comes out of the gluteal region (tingling or burning on lower extremities)

Question 30

What is the great saphenous vein frequently used for and why?

Answer 30

As a graft because it is readily accessible, long lengths can be harvested, *contains higher percentage of muscular and elastic fibers as compared to other veins, *vein is revered so that the valves don’t obstruct flood flow

Question 31

What is the longest vein in the body? located? What veins join to make it?

Answer 31

Great saphenous vein; Superficial, medial to patella and posterior; The dorsal vein of the great toe and the dorsal venous arch of the foot

Question 32

1) Lymphatic vessels traveling with the great saphenous vein end?
2) Other lymphatic in the inguinal area drain into?
3) Skin from buttocks drains where?
4) Skin over posterior thigh?

Answer 32

1) In the vertical group of nodes
2) Horizontal group of inguinal nodes
3) Horizontal group
4) Vertical group