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WJEC Biology GCSE > Stuff I forget > Flashcards

Stuff I forget Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 differences between mammals and birds?

A

-birds have feathers, wings and 2 legs

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2
Q

Where would you find stem cells in the plant?

A

meristem (tips of roots and shoots)

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3
Q

What part of the neurone is long and what insulates it?

A
  • axon

- insulated by myelin sheath

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4
Q

What is meant by ‘hormone’?

A

-chemical messengers carried by blood

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5
Q

Why is it important that homeostasis is maintained?

A

metabolism only operates in a narrow range of temperatures and pH and also needs nutrients and water in the correct amounts

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6
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

any change in from INTERNAL OPTIMAL conditions, causes the body to compensate by causing an opposing change

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7
Q

What sort of tissue is the Iris?

A

It is a muscle

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8
Q

Do light waves continue in the same direction in the light?

A

no, the cornea refracts the light

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9
Q

What happens if PROTEIN is present in the urine?

A

problems with ULTRAFILTRATION

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10
Q

What gland releases ADH?

A

pituitary gland

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11
Q

What does the collecting duct do?

A
  • carries urine to the ureter

- some water is selectively reabsorbed here

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12
Q

What does benedict’s test do?

A

Test for glucose

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13
Q

Why does the tubule have a rich blood supply?

A

As SELECTIVE REABSORPTION happens here

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14
Q

Why does a dialysis machine need ideal concentrations of dissolved substances?

A
  • contains equal concentration of glucose and salts that should not be removed from the blood (no net diffusion)
  • It contains no urea and so urea will diffuse from a high concentration in the blood out into the dialysis fluid which is then disposed of
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15
Q

Why do dialysis and blood need to flow counter current each other?

A

to maintain a concentration gradient for diffusion of urea across the whole membrane

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16
Q

What immunoussay?

A
  • diagnosis of diseases such as HIV, Chlamydia and Malaria

- using radioactive labels of fluorescent dyes ATTATCHED to monoclonal antibodies to attach to specific antigens

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17
Q

How could you tell how EXTENSIVE a malaria infection was?

A

-use monoclonal antibodies to detect plasmodium

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18
Q

What organ produces Lymphocytes B that make antibodies?

A

The spleen

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19
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies treat cancer?

A
  • diagnose tumours using tumour markers
  • stop cancer growth
  • directly deliver drugs to treat tumour
  • encourage the immune system to attack the tumour
20
Q

What is the makeup of a virus?

A

DNA and a protein coat

21
Q

Why is a virus not considered a living cell?

A

It cannot reproduce alone

22
Q

Why do you need a vaccine regularly?

A
  • as virus mutates, DIFFERENT antigens

- DIFFERENT antibodies needed

23
Q

What do white blood cells to combat microbes?

A
  • Phagocytes engulf microbes
  • lymphocytes produce antibodies
  • lymphocytes produce antitoxins which counteract toxins released by microbes
24
Q

Why do we seal the petri dish with tape?

A

-to prevent contamination by bacteria

25
Q

What is the process when waster products are removed by the kidney?

A

Excretion

26
Q

Why is it important to avoid blood clot during dialysis?

A

prevent blockage

27
Q

How do LYMPHOCYTES kill microbes?

A
  • A lymphocytes recognises the antigen of an invading organism
  • The antigen on the foreign cell CAUSES lymphocyte to MULTIPLY into clone cells
  • then they SECRETE a lot of antibodies SPECIFIC to the antigen into the BLOODSTREAM
  • The antibodies attach to the antigens on the microbes
  • kill them for them or allow them to be engulfed by pathogens.
28
Q

How does a vaccine produce memory cells?

A

the vaccine causes the IMMUNE SYSTEM to produce COMPLEMANTARY antibodies

  • The antibodies target the antigen and ATTACH THEMSELVES to it in order to create memory cells.
  • These will quickly respond to the antigen if it is encountered again
29
Q

How do you have immunity after a vaccine?

A
  • (After an antigen is encountered) memory cells REMAIN in the body
  • Produced QUICKLY , LARGER numbers of antibodies if the same antigen is encountered again
  • (hopefully destroying microbes BEFORE SYMPTOMS are felt) THIS IS IMMUNITY
30
Q

3 Arguments AGAINST animal testing?

A
  • Animals are killed or kept in captivity
  • it is very expensive
  • some substances tested may never be used for anything useful
31
Q

What is the process of developing new medicines?

A
  • tested using computer models and skin cells grown using human stem cells in the laboratory.
  • tested on animals
  • tested on healthy volunteers to check that they are safe.
32
Q

What are 4 uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

• diagnosis of diseases including Chlamydia and HIV
• tissue typing for transplants
• supporting chemotherapy for cancers
- Pregnancy testing

33
Q

How are MONOCLONAL antibodies produced?

A

1-An antigen is injected into a mouse.
2-The mouse NATURALLY produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies SPECIFIC to the antigen.
3- Spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells (MYELOMA CELLS) to form hybridoma cells which DIVIDE INDEFINITELY.
5-These hybridoma cells DIVIDE and produce MILLIONS of monoclonal antibodies SPECIFIC to the original antigen.

34
Q

What is Continuous variation?

A

Controlled by more than one gene and environmental factors such as height and weight.

35
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Usually controlled by one gene
- so individuals fit clearly into discrete groups such as eye
colour, blood type.

36
Q

What is variation caused by?

A
  • Genetic factors: characteristics that are caused by genes, inherited from parental DNA
  • Environmental Factors : characteristics that change due to the environment
37
Q

What does cystic fibrosis do?

A
  • a genetically inherited disease

- causes thick sticky mucus that block bronchioles in the lungs

38
Q

What happens if environmental change is too quick?

A

If environmental change is too quick for species to adapt by natural selection extinction
may occur.

39
Q

What were the aims oh the Human Genome Project?

A
  • working out the order or sequence of all the three billion base pairs in the human genome
  • identifying all the genes
  • developing faster methods for sequencing DNA
40
Q

How will the Human Genome Project help medicine?

A

allow scientists to develop new ways of treating or diagnosing illnesses, especially genetic disorders and cancer

41
Q

What is an alien species?

A

An organism introduced into a country in which it does not normally live.

42
Q

What are the steps of genetic profiling

A
  • Cutting DNA into pieces

- which are then separated into bands

43
Q

What do the order of bases do?

A

forms a code for making proteins

44
Q

What does the triplet code do?

A

Each triplet code identifies for a particular amino acid.

-amino acids link together to form proteins

45
Q

What is a disadvantage of genetic Profiling?

A
  • ownership issues

- privacy issues

WJEC Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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