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WJEC Biology GCSE > 2.8 Disease, Defence and treatment (new) > Flashcards

2.8 Disease, Defence and treatment (new) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of a CELL WALL?

A

Protects + maintains shape

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2
Q

What is the function of a CELL MEMBRANE?

A

Controls substances entering and leaving the cell

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3
Q

What is the function of CYSTOPLASM?

A

Chemical reactions take place here

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4
Q

What is the function of a CHROMOSOME?

A

Contains DNA

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5
Q

What is the function of a SLIME CAPSULE?

A

Prevent bacteria drying out / Allows bacteria to stick together

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6
Q

What is the function of a FLAGELLA?

A

Allows movement

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7
Q

What is the function of PLASMID?

A

Small ring of DNA

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8
Q

What MICRO - Organisms cause disease?

A

Pathogens

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9
Q

Two examples of harmless bacteria?

A
  • bacteria is in yogurt

- yeast in wine / beer

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10
Q

Four examples of pathogens

A
  • bacteria , virus, protists, fungi
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11
Q

What is the causative agent of AIDS?

A

H.I.V (human immunodeficiency virus)

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12
Q

How does AIDS affect a person?

A
  • Infects lymphocytes

- leads to a lack of immunity to other infections

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13
Q

How can AIDS be prevented?

A

Condom or disposable gloves

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14
Q

What is the causative agent of Chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachmatis (bacteria)

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15
Q

How does chlamydia affect an infected person

A
  • infertility
  • conjunctivitis
  • lung problems in babies
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16
Q

How can Chlamydia be prevented?

A

By using condoms

17
Q

What is the causative agent of Malaria?

A

Plasmodium (protist)

18
Q

How does Malaria affect a person?

A
  • destroys red blood cells

- causing fever

19
Q

How do you prevent the spread of Malaria?

A
  • killing mosquitos

- vaccines

20
Q

How does the body defence itself from disease?

A
  • skin forming a barrier against micro-organisms
  • blood clots to seal wounds
  • phagocytes IN THE BLOOD ingesting micro-organisms
  • lymphocytes producing antibodies and antitoxins
21
Q

What is an antigen?

A
  • They are Protein molecules on cell membranes
22
Q

How do LYMPHOCYTES kill microbes?

A
  • A lymphocytes recognises the antigen of an invading organism
  • The antigen on the foreign cell CAUSES lymphocyte to MULTIPLY into clone cells
  • then they SECRETE a lot of antibodies SPECIFIC to the antigen into the BLOODSTREAM
  • The antibodies attach to the antigens on the microbes
  • kill them for them or allow them to be engulfed by pathogens.
23
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A
  • the antibodies attach to the antigens on the microbes

- to KILL them or allow them to be engulfed by phagocytes

24
Q

How does a vaccine produce memory cells?

A

the vaccine causes the IMMUNE SYSTEM to produce COMPLEMANTARY antibodies

  • The antibodies target the antigen and ATTACH THEMSELVES to it in order to create memory cells.
  • These will quickly respond to the antigen if it is encountered again
25
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A
  • contains antigens derived from a diseased causing organism
26
Q

How do you have immunity after a vaccine?

A
  • (After an antigen is encountered) memory cells REMAIN in the body
  • Produced QUICKLY , LARGER numbers of antibodies if the same antigen is encountered again
  • (hopefully destroying microbes BEFORE SYMPTOMS are felt) THIS IS IMMUNITY
27
Q

How were antibiotics ( Inc. Penicillin) produced?

A
  • produced by living organisms ( fungi)
28
Q

How were antibiotics ( Inc. Penicillin) produced?

A
  • produced by living organisms ( fungi)
29
Q

How do antibiotics cure bacterial infections?

A
  • by KILLING bacteria or preventing their growth
30
Q

How do some bacteria (MRSA) become resistant to antibiotics?

A

over use of antibiotics

31
Q

How do you control MRSA?

A
  • doctors prescribe antibiotics APPROPRIATELY
  • patients should always complete the full course of antibiotics
  • the agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted
32
Q

How can you make sure new drugs are safe?

A

By testing EXTINSIVELY, at a LARGE SCALE and RIGUROUSLY.

33
Q

What do all drugs have?

A

Side effects

34
Q

3 Arguments FOR animal testing?

A
  • helps researchers to find drugs and treatments
  • Improves human health
  • helps ensure safety of drugs
35
Q

3 Arguments AGAINST animal testing?

A
  • Animals are killed or kept in captivity
  • it is very expensive
  • some substances tested may never be used for anything useful
36
Q

What is the process of developing new medicines?

A
  • tested using computer models and skin cells grown using human stem cells in the laboratory.
  • tested on animals
  • tested on healthy volunteers to check that they are safe.
37
Q

What are 4 uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

• diagnosis of diseases including Chlamydia and HIV
• tissue typing for transplants
• supporting chemotherapy for cancers
- Pregnancy testing

38
Q

How are MONOCLONAL antibodies produced?

A

1-An antigen is injected into a mouse.
2-The mouse NATURALLY produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies SPECIFIC to the antigen.
3- Spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells (MYELOMA CELLS) to form hybridoma cells which DIVIDE INDEFINITELY.
5-These hybridoma cells DIVIDE and produce MILLIONS of monoclonal antibodies SPECIFIC to the original antigen.

WJEC Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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