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WJEC Biology GCSE > Response and Regulation (NEW) > Flashcards

Response and Regulation (NEW) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are sense organs?

A

They CONTAIN receptor cells, which detect specific stimuli and and then relay this information as electrical impulses along neurones to the central nervous system to coordinate a response

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2
Q

What does the Central Nervous System consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is in the Nervous System?

A

the brain, spinal cord and nerves

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5
Q

What are properties of reflex actions?

A

Fast, automatic and protective

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6
Q

How does information move from the receptors to the effector in the nervous system?

A

Receptor ➟ Through sensory neurones ➟ Relay Neurones in spinal cord ➟ Through Motor Neurones ➟ Effector

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7
Q

What is a sclera?

A

Protective, tough white outer coat of the eye

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8
Q

What is a Cornea?

A
  • Allows light into eye

- refracts light

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9
Q

What is an iris?

A

Coloured part of eye

Contains muscles that alter the size of the pupil to CONTROL the amount of light entering the eye

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10
Q

What is a pupil?

A

Hole in the centre of eye which lets light enter the eye

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11
Q

What is lens?

A

changes shape to focus light on retina

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12
Q

What is choroid?

A
  • pigmented layer-
  • which absorbs light to prevent reflection.
  • prevents light being detected several times
  • Also contains blood vessels
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13
Q

What is a retina?

A

Light sensitive layer (photoreceptor cells) that detect light.

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14
Q

What is a net blind spot?

A

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye. There are no light sensitive cells here

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15
Q

What is an optic nerve?

A

Carries electrical impulses from retina to brain

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16
Q

What factors does your body need to keep constant?

A
  • temperature
  • Ph
  • water
  • blood glucose conc
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17
Q

Why does your body need to regulate normal conditions?

A
  • as our chemical reactions are controlled by catalysts called enzymes
  • changes in conditions may slow down or even stop enzymes working and thus disrupting vital chemical reactions (metabolisms)
18
Q

What are hormones?

A

a chemical messengers, carried by the blood, which control many body functions
( a protein)

19
Q

Why do we need to keep blood glucose levels within a constant level?

A
  • if present in high concentrations it can damage cells

- glucose is needed for cells for respiration

20
Q

What does your body do when blood glucose RISES?

A
  • pancreas produces the hormone, insulin into the blood
  • insulin travels to LIVER
  • liver turns glucose into INSOLUBLE glycogen for storage
  • this reduces level of glucose in blood
21
Q

What is diabetes?

A

a condition where you are unable to control your own blood glucose levels

22
Q

What is TYPE 1 Diabetes?

A

the body does not produce insulin

23
Q

What is TYPE 2 diabetes?

A
  • the pancreas still produces some insulin

- the body cells do not respond to the chemical signal from insulin

24
Q

What are some treatments for diabeties?

A
  • Injecting insulin
  • pancreas transplants
  • low sugar/ carbohydrates diet
25
Q

What it the CAUSE of type 1 diabetes?

A

damage to the beta cells in the pancreas which produce insulin

26
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

A

a person’s body becoming resistant to insulin

27
Q

When your blood glucose level is low, what does your body do?

A
  • pancreas releases the hormone glucagon into the blood
  • travels into liver
  • insoluble glycogen is converted back to glucose
28
Q

How does alcohol affect the body?

A

, increases the body’s reaction time. This could have fatal consequences if a person is driving a car under the influence of alcohol.
- can cause liver, circulatory and heart disease

29
Q

What can drugs do to the body?

A

lead to dependence and addiction where people suffer withdrawal symptoms if they are unable to consume it

30
Q

How can you get type 2 diabetes from lifestyle choices?

A

Eating too much food over a long period can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes

31
Q

What hormone causes phototropism?

A

Auxin

32
Q

What is tropism?

A

growth movement of a plant in response to a one sided stimulus

33
Q

How does your boy react when you get to hot?

A
  • sweat
  • ERECTOR MUSCLES
  • Vasodilation
  • no shivering
34
Q

What does your body do when it gets too cold?

A
  • shivering, skin muscles contract and relax, rapidly generating heat, this warms up blood
  • reduce sweating
  • erector muscle CONTRACTS and the hair is pulled upright, more insulating air is trapped next to skin, more insulation
  • vasoconstriction, - Blood vessels in the skin get narrower so less blood flows to the skin surface so less heat is lost by RADIATION (cooling rate decreases)
35
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

blood vessel diameter widens, more blood flows to skin surface so more heat is lost to radiation (cooling rate increases)

36
Q

How is sweat created when your hot?

A
  • liquid sweat is made by sweat glands
  • carried up by sweat ducts
  • released by sweat pores onto the skin and evaporates removing heat energy
37
Q

How do ERECTOR MUSCLES work when your HOT?

A

ERECTOR MUSCLES relaxes and hair lies flat, less insulating air is trapped next to skin so less insulation

38
Q

How does shivering work?

A

skin muscles contract and relax, rapidly generating heat, this warms up blood

39
Q

How do ERECTOR MUSCLES work when you are cold?

A

erector muscle CONTRACTS and the hair is pulled upright, more insulating air is trapped next to skin, more insulation

40
Q

How does VASOCONSTRICTION work?

A

Blood vessels in the skin get narrower so less blood flows to the skin surface so less heat is lost by RADIATION (cooling rate decreases)

41
Q

What does your skin detect?

A

Temperature and pressure

WJEC Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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