Stuff from the last test like renal hormones

Question 1

daily intake of water =

Answer 1

2300 ml/day

Question 2

daily loss of water

Answer 2

2300 ml/day

Question 3

total body water

Answer 3

42 liters

Question 4

Which part of the nervous system acts on the external sphincter and which on the bladder?

Answer 4

e.sphincter = parasympathetic 
bladder = sympathetics

Question 5

GFR =

Answer 5

125 ml/min and 180 L/day

Question 6

Endothelin =

Answer 6

released by damaged vascular endothelial cells of the kidneys and other tissues

Question 7

Angiotensin II =

Answer 7

preferentially constricts efferent arterioles

formed in situations associated with decreased arterial pressure of volume depletion

afferent arterioles unaffected by it

Question 8

Afferent vs Efferent arterioles in the presence of angiotensin II

Answer 8

afferent unaffected, efferent constricted

Question 9

nitric oxide =

Answer 9

derived from endothelial cells, helps maintain vasodilation

Question 10

prostaglandins and bradykinin

Answer 10

vasodilators

offset effects of sympathetic and angiotensin II vasoconstrictor effects

Question 11

autoregulation does what?

Answer 11

prevents relatively large changes in GFR and renal excretion that would otherwise occur with changes in blood pressure

Question 12

Normal GFR =

Answer 12

180 L/day

Question 13

Normal fluid excretion =

Answer 13

1.5 L/day

Question 14

describe the “pathway” of decreased arterial pressure

decreased arterial pressure —> ____ glomerular hydrostatic pressure —> _____ GFR —>____Macula densa NaCl —> _____ renin from JXTGL cells —> ___ angiotensin II —> ___ efferent arteriolar resistance

macula densa NaCl –> ___afferent arteriolar resistance

Answer 14

decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure
decreased GFR
decreased macula densa NaCl
increased Renin 
increased angiotensin II
increased efferent arteriolar resistance

Question 15

aldosterone

source, function, site of action

Answer 15

adrenal cortex
increases sodium reabsorption
stimulates potassium secretion
stimulates Na-K ATPase on basolateral side of cortical collecting tubule membrane

Question 16

angiotensin II

source, function, site of action

Answer 16

function: increased sodium and water reabsorption
returns blood pressure and extracellular volume toward normal

• stimulates aldosterone secretion
• constricts efferent arterioles
• directly stimulate sodium reabsorption in proximal tubules, loops of henle, distal tubules, and collecting tubules

Question 17

ADH

source, function, site of action

Answer 17

source: posterior pituitary
function: increases water reabsorption
effects: binds to V2 receptors in late distal tubules, collecting tubules
increases cAMP

stimulates movement of aquaporin 2 proteins to luminal side of cell membranes

Question 18

ANP

source, function, site of action

Answer 18

cardiac atrial peptide

cardiac atrial cells

function: inhibits reabsorption of sodium and water

Question 19

parathyroid hormone

Answer 19

source: parathyroid glands

increases calcium reabsorption

Question 20

intercalated cells

Answer 20

secretes H into lumen

Question 21

where is the site of powerful loop diuretics?

Answer 21

thick ascending segment

furosemide
ethacrynic acid
bumentanide

Question 22

distal tube traits

Answer 22

reabsorbs most ions but is impermeable to water

Question 23

where is the Na-K-Cl co transporter located?

Answer 23

thick ascending segment

Question 24

Thin loop is ____ to most solutes including urea and Na, and _____ to water

Answer 24

permeable, permeable

Question 25

aquaporins 1, 2 and 3

Answer 25

1, widespread including renal tubules
2, present in apical membranes of collecting tubules, controlled by ADH
3, present in basolateral membranes of collecting tubule cells

Question 26

primary hypertension causes

Answer 26

90-95% of reasons are unknown

major factors

weight gain
increased cardiac output
increased sympathetic nerve activity
increased angiotensin II+aldosterone levels
impaired renal pressure
sedentary life style

Question 27

vasoconstrictors

Answer 27

angiotensin II
catecholamines
endothelins

Question 28

vascodilators

Answer 28

kinins
prostaglandins
nitric oxide

Question 29

long term vs short term control of arterial pressure

Answer 29

short term = sympathetic system

long term = multiple nervous and hormonal controls

Question 30

increased arterial pressure —> ____ urine output —> Pressure _______

Answer 30

increased, diuresis

Question 31

increased arterial pressure —> ____ Na output —> Pressure _______

Answer 31

increased, natriuresis