Studying for Midterm from textbook Flashcards
Baldwin
Child development occurs in stages, this was later proposed by jean piaget. he was canadian.
john locke
children were blank slates
jean-jacques rousseau
children were born with an innate sense of justice
Arnold Gessel
maturational theory- predetermined developmental timetable
ethological theory
views development from an evolutionary perspective. human behaviours can be adaptive and have survival value
john watson
based his work on classical conditioning. associative learning. first introduced by ivan pavlov
Also blank slate
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial theory
psychosocial theory
development occurs in a sequence of stages defined by a unique crisis or social challenge to be overcome in order to move on to the next stage
B. F. Skinner
operant conditioning
operant conditioning
consequences of a behaviour can affect future occurences of that behaviour
social cognitive theory
theory of personality that views the environment, behaviour, and cognitions as important in shaping development
albert bandura
social cognitive theory
piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Ecological thoery
ecological theory
4 systems. microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macro system
biological perspective
development is determined primarily by biological forces. maturational theory(unfolding) and ethological theory(critical periods).
psychodynamic perspective
development is determined by how a child resolves conflicts at different ages. freud’s theory and eriksons
learning perspective
development is determined by a childs environment. Skinner’s operant conditioning and banduras social cognitive theory
Cognitive developmental perspective
development reflects childs attempts to understand the world. piaget’s
contextual perspective
development is influences by immediate and more distant environments. urie(4 systems) and vygotsky’s(generational)
informational processing perspective
analogy to the workings of a computer software and hardware
evolutionary perspective
favors characteristics of children that have value to the survival of the species. bjorkland and pellegrini. and martin smith(grandparents and grandchildren)
developmental pathology perspective
developmental outcome is shaped by many different variables, biological and environmental. developed in canada.
systematic observation
a research technique that involves watching and carefully recording what people say or do
structured observation
creating a setting or circumstances designed to bring about certain behaviours of interest for study
ecological validity
degree to which conclusions from research can provide information about behaviour in real life situations
demand characteristics
situational clues that suggest to a research participant how a researcher wants them to act
reliability
statistical information about the degree to which a measure yields consistent results over time
validity
statistical information about the degree to which conclusions based on a measure actually mean what a researcher hypothesized they would mean.
convergent validity
measuring yourself on many different scales to get the same weight
divergent validity
a extrovert test to see how introverted you are. measuring the opposite to assure the first test.
mediator variable
a variable that accounts for any relationship observed between an independent and a dependent variable
microgenetic study
type of research study in which the variables of interest are measured in the same research participants repeatedly overt a short period of time such as days or weeks, in order to capture an aspect of rapid developmental change
sequential design
a type of research study in which the variables of interest are measured repeatedly over time in the same groups of research participants, with each group being born in a different time period.
cohort effect
the impact of a particular event, culture, or historical experience on a particular group of people.
ethical responsibilities
respect for the dignity of persons
responsible caring
integrity in relationships
responsibility to society
quasi experimental design
where in the comparison of groups, the members were not randomly selected.
endogamy
a preference for mating with people from one’s own social or cultural group
clinal variation
continuous genetic variation observed between geographic regions
polygenic inheritance
the contribution of many genes to a person’s phenotypic expression
non shared environmental influences
experiences and circumstances within a family that contribute to siblings’ being different from each other
passive gene-environment relation
relationship between heredity and environment in which the parents pass on genotypes to children and also provide much of the early environment supposrting expression of those genes
evocative gene-environment relation
relationship between heredity and environment in which different genotypes evoke different responses from the environment
active gene-environment relation
a relationship between heredity and environment in which individuals actively seek environments suitable to their genotype
niche picking
the process of deliberately selecting an environment suitable to ones genotype
germ disc
a small cluster of cells near the zygotes centre that develops into the baby
ectoderm
the outer layer of the embryo, which becomes the hair, skin, and nervous system.
mesoderm
the middle layer of the embryo, becomes muscles, bones and circulatory
endoderm
the inner layer of the embryo, which becomes the digestive system and lungs
zygote
1-2 weeks
embryo
3-8 weeks
fetus
9-38 weeks
cephalocaudal growth
from the top and extending downwards. head before the rest of the body. head then down the spine
proximodistal
growth from the centre extending outwards. growth after birth also follows proximidistal and cephalocaudal principles
vernix
thick greasy coating on the skin that protects the baby during gestation
age of viability
age at which most bodily systems function well enough to support life once the baby is born. often by 5.5-7 months. 22-28 weeks
general risk factors during pregnancy
nutrition, stress, and mother’s age
anoxia
complete oxygen deprivation
hypoxia
reduced supply of oxygen
apgar score
numerical scale used to rate a newborn babies vital signs, 0, 1, or 2.
epiphyses
ends of the cartilage that turn into bone
secular growth trends
changes in physical development from one generation to the next
terminal buttons
another name for terminal endplates
frontal cortex
responsible for personality. is not very active in newborn babies, but increases over time. deliberate goal oriented behaviour comes from here.
neural plate
cells forming about 3 weeks after conception that develops into the neural tube brain and spinal cord
neuroplasticity
extent to which brain organization is flexible
dynamic systems theory
upholds that motor development involves many distinct skills, organized and reorganized over time to meet demands of specific tasks
differentiation
mastery of component skills
integration
combining component skills in proper sequence into a coherent working whole
primary circular reaction
recreating a pleasing event with the body
secondary circular reaction
learning about the sensations and actions associated with objects
tertiary circular reaction
repetition of old schemas with objects of different kinds
equilibration
process of reorganizing schemas to incorporate new information or experience
deferred imitation
acting out events or behaviours seen at an earlier time
sensory memory
raw unanalyzed information held only for a few seconds
working memory
the active cognitive manipulation of information
long term memory
limitless permanent storage of acquired information
procedural memory
memory for how to do things
semantic memory
memory for particular facts
autobiographical or episodic memory
memory for specific events in a person’s life
orienting response
physical reaction to a strong or unfamiliar experience
habituation
a state of diminished responding to a stimulus as it becomes more familiar
dishabituation
a state of re-orientation, when a person becomes aware of a stimulus to which the person had previously habituated
egocentric frame of reference
first used by children to determine the placement of objects, in relation to themselves
objective frame of reference
thinking of objects in space relative to the position of objects or persons rather than oneself.
cooing
long strings of vowel sounds produced by babies around 2 months
babbling
speech like sound that has no meaning
intonation
a pattern of rising or falling pitch similar to the pattern in normal conversation
naming explosion
occurs usually around 18 months of age
fast mapping
the rapid ability of children to connect new words to their references
over extension and underextension
under common first-ball only defining their favorite ball. over extension common 1-3 years, everything is too broad
referential style
tendency to learn primarily words that name objects, persons, or actions
expressive style
tendency to learn primarily social phrases used like a single word
stranger wariness
sets in with locomotion, adaptation for safety.
social referencing
looking at a trusted caregiver for clues about how to react to a situation
internal working model
a set of expectations about parents’ availability and responsively generally and in times of stress. related to attachment and trust with caregivers.
attachment
occurs usually with mothers, around 8-9 months of age
secure attachment
when mother returns baby wants to be with her, and if it had been crying, it stops.
avoidant attachment
baby ignores mother upon returning, as if to say youre not here when i want you so i have to take care of myself. this is an insecure attachment type
resistant attachment
keeps crying when mother returns, another insecure attachment type.
disorganized attachment
confused when mother leaves and when she comes back. another insecure attachment type
what are the 4 types of attachment?
secure
resistant
disorganized
avoidant
