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Psychology 223 > Studying for Midterm from textbook > Flashcards

Studying for Midterm from textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

Baldwin

A

Child development occurs in stages, this was later proposed by jean piaget. he was canadian.

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2
Q

john locke

A

children were blank slates

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3
Q

jean-jacques rousseau

A

children were born with an innate sense of justice

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4
Q

Arnold Gessel

A

maturational theory- predetermined developmental timetable

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5
Q

ethological theory

A

views development from an evolutionary perspective. human behaviours can be adaptive and have survival value

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6
Q

john watson

A

based his work on classical conditioning. associative learning. first introduced by ivan pavlov
Also blank slate

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7
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Psychosocial theory

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8
Q

psychosocial theory

A

development occurs in a sequence of stages defined by a unique crisis or social challenge to be overcome in order to move on to the next stage

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9
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

operant conditioning

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10
Q

operant conditioning

A

consequences of a behaviour can affect future occurences of that behaviour

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11
Q

social cognitive theory

A

theory of personality that views the environment, behaviour, and cognitions as important in shaping development

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12
Q

albert bandura

A

social cognitive theory

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13
Q

piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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14
Q

Urie Bronfenbrenner

A

Ecological thoery

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15
Q

ecological theory

A

4 systems. microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macro system

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16
Q

biological perspective

A

development is determined primarily by biological forces. maturational theory(unfolding) and ethological theory(critical periods).

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17
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

development is determined by how a child resolves conflicts at different ages. freud’s theory and eriksons

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18
Q

learning perspective

A

development is determined by a childs environment. Skinner’s operant conditioning and banduras social cognitive theory

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19
Q

Cognitive developmental perspective

A

development reflects childs attempts to understand the world. piaget’s

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20
Q

contextual perspective

A

development is influences by immediate and more distant environments. urie(4 systems) and vygotsky’s(generational)

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21
Q

informational processing perspective

A

analogy to the workings of a computer software and hardware

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22
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

favors characteristics of children that have value to the survival of the species. bjorkland and pellegrini. and martin smith(grandparents and grandchildren)

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23
Q

developmental pathology perspective

A

developmental outcome is shaped by many different variables, biological and environmental. developed in canada.

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24
Q

systematic observation

A

a research technique that involves watching and carefully recording what people say or do

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25
Q

structured observation

A

creating a setting or circumstances designed to bring about certain behaviours of interest for study

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26
Q

ecological validity

A

degree to which conclusions from research can provide information about behaviour in real life situations

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27
Q

demand characteristics

A

situational clues that suggest to a research participant how a researcher wants them to act

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28
Q

reliability

A

statistical information about the degree to which a measure yields consistent results over time

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29
Q

validity

A

statistical information about the degree to which conclusions based on a measure actually mean what a researcher hypothesized they would mean.

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30
Q

convergent validity

A

measuring yourself on many different scales to get the same weight

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31
Q

divergent validity

A

a extrovert test to see how introverted you are. measuring the opposite to assure the first test.

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32
Q

mediator variable

A

a variable that accounts for any relationship observed between an independent and a dependent variable

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33
Q

microgenetic study

A

type of research study in which the variables of interest are measured in the same research participants repeatedly overt a short period of time such as days or weeks, in order to capture an aspect of rapid developmental change

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34
Q

sequential design

A

a type of research study in which the variables of interest are measured repeatedly over time in the same groups of research participants, with each group being born in a different time period.

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35
Q

cohort effect

A

the impact of a particular event, culture, or historical experience on a particular group of people.

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36
Q

ethical responsibilities

A

respect for the dignity of persons
responsible caring
integrity in relationships
responsibility to society

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37
Q

quasi experimental design

A

where in the comparison of groups, the members were not randomly selected.

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38
Q

endogamy

A

a preference for mating with people from one’s own social or cultural group

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39
Q

clinal variation

A

continuous genetic variation observed between geographic regions

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40
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

the contribution of many genes to a person’s phenotypic expression

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41
Q

non shared environmental influences

A

experiences and circumstances within a family that contribute to siblings’ being different from each other

42
Q

passive gene-environment relation

A

relationship between heredity and environment in which the parents pass on genotypes to children and also provide much of the early environment supposrting expression of those genes

43
Q

evocative gene-environment relation

A

relationship between heredity and environment in which different genotypes evoke different responses from the environment

44
Q

active gene-environment relation

A

a relationship between heredity and environment in which individuals actively seek environments suitable to their genotype

45
Q

niche picking

A

the process of deliberately selecting an environment suitable to ones genotype

46
Q

germ disc

A

a small cluster of cells near the zygotes centre that develops into the baby

47
Q

ectoderm

A

the outer layer of the embryo, which becomes the hair, skin, and nervous system.

48
Q

mesoderm

A

the middle layer of the embryo, becomes muscles, bones and circulatory

49
Q

endoderm

A

the inner layer of the embryo, which becomes the digestive system and lungs

50
Q

zygote

A

1-2 weeks

51
Q

embryo

A

3-8 weeks

52
Q

fetus

A

9-38 weeks

53
Q

cephalocaudal growth

A

from the top and extending downwards. head before the rest of the body. head then down the spine

54
Q

proximodistal

A

growth from the centre extending outwards. growth after birth also follows proximidistal and cephalocaudal principles

55
Q

vernix

A

thick greasy coating on the skin that protects the baby during gestation

56
Q

age of viability

A

age at which most bodily systems function well enough to support life once the baby is born. often by 5.5-7 months. 22-28 weeks

57
Q

general risk factors during pregnancy

A

nutrition, stress, and mother’s age

58
Q

anoxia

A

complete oxygen deprivation

59
Q

hypoxia

A

reduced supply of oxygen

60
Q

apgar score

A

numerical scale used to rate a newborn babies vital signs, 0, 1, or 2.

61
Q

epiphyses

A

ends of the cartilage that turn into bone

62
Q

secular growth trends

A

changes in physical development from one generation to the next

63
Q

terminal buttons

A

another name for terminal endplates

64
Q

frontal cortex

A

responsible for personality. is not very active in newborn babies, but increases over time. deliberate goal oriented behaviour comes from here.

65
Q

neural plate

A

cells forming about 3 weeks after conception that develops into the neural tube brain and spinal cord

66
Q

neuroplasticity

A

extent to which brain organization is flexible

67
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

upholds that motor development involves many distinct skills, organized and reorganized over time to meet demands of specific tasks

68
Q

differentiation

A

mastery of component skills

69
Q

integration

A

combining component skills in proper sequence into a coherent working whole

70
Q

primary circular reaction

A

recreating a pleasing event with the body

71
Q

secondary circular reaction

A

learning about the sensations and actions associated with objects

72
Q

tertiary circular reaction

A

repetition of old schemas with objects of different kinds

73
Q

equilibration

A

process of reorganizing schemas to incorporate new information or experience

74
Q

deferred imitation

A

acting out events or behaviours seen at an earlier time

75
Q

sensory memory

A

raw unanalyzed information held only for a few seconds

76
Q

working memory

A

the active cognitive manipulation of information

77
Q

long term memory

A

limitless permanent storage of acquired information

78
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for how to do things

79
Q

semantic memory

A

memory for particular facts

80
Q

autobiographical or episodic memory

A

memory for specific events in a person’s life

81
Q

orienting response

A

physical reaction to a strong or unfamiliar experience

82
Q

habituation

A

a state of diminished responding to a stimulus as it becomes more familiar

83
Q

dishabituation

A

a state of re-orientation, when a person becomes aware of a stimulus to which the person had previously habituated

84
Q

egocentric frame of reference

A

first used by children to determine the placement of objects, in relation to themselves

85
Q

objective frame of reference

A

thinking of objects in space relative to the position of objects or persons rather than oneself.

86
Q

cooing

A

long strings of vowel sounds produced by babies around 2 months

87
Q

babbling

A

speech like sound that has no meaning

88
Q

intonation

A

a pattern of rising or falling pitch similar to the pattern in normal conversation

89
Q

naming explosion

A

occurs usually around 18 months of age

90
Q

fast mapping

A

the rapid ability of children to connect new words to their references

91
Q

over extension and underextension

A

under common first-ball only defining their favorite ball. over extension common 1-3 years, everything is too broad

92
Q

referential style

A

tendency to learn primarily words that name objects, persons, or actions

93
Q

expressive style

A

tendency to learn primarily social phrases used like a single word

94
Q

stranger wariness

A

sets in with locomotion, adaptation for safety.

95
Q

social referencing

A

looking at a trusted caregiver for clues about how to react to a situation

96
Q

internal working model

A

a set of expectations about parents’ availability and responsively generally and in times of stress. related to attachment and trust with caregivers.

97
Q

attachment

A

occurs usually with mothers, around 8-9 months of age

98
Q

secure attachment

A

when mother returns baby wants to be with her, and if it had been crying, it stops.

99
Q

avoidant attachment

A

baby ignores mother upon returning, as if to say youre not here when i want you so i have to take care of myself. this is an insecure attachment type

100
Q

resistant attachment

A

keeps crying when mother returns, another insecure attachment type.

101
Q

disorganized attachment

A

confused when mother leaves and when she comes back. another insecure attachment type

102
Q

what are the 4 types of attachment?

A

secure
resistant
disorganized
avoidant

Psychology 223 (13 decks)

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