Chapter 1 Flashcards
John Watson’s theories emphasize?
Environmental influences, babies minds are a blank slate, outside influences create their personality and affect their development.
Trained babies to be afraid of white rats
B.f. Skinner emphasized what?
Operant conditioning. Focus on outcome of behavior for predicting future occurrences of that behavior.
Positive reinforcement(reward)
Negative reinforcment(taking away unpleasant things)
Punishment decreases probability of behavior happening again
Albert Bandura
Imitation and observational vicarious learning.
Role of environment, behavior and cognitions as important in shaping development.
4 parts-> Attention, retain, reproduce, and be motivated.
Also being rewarded…more likely to imitate those behaviours.
Why nobody wears number99 in hockey
What are the roles of the Id, ego, and superego?
Id: primitive instincts and drives, antisocial impulses
Ego: practical and rational…works between Id and superego
Superego: moral agent
John Locke
Infant is blank slate…like Watson
Jean Jacques rousseau
Infants have an innate sense of justice and morality that shows as children grow
James mark baldwin
Child development happens in stages
Maturational theory states?
Predetermined timetable for human development (nature)
Ethological theory
Critical periods: need to be nurtured.
Imprinting: like ducks imprint on first moving creature as mother
Attachment: child and parent (child can attatch to more than one parent.
Fred’s 5 stages…
.
Jean Piaget
4 stages Sensorimotor Preoperational thought Concrete operational thought Formal operational thought
Infants children and adolescents are naturally motivated to understand the world around them
The contextual perspective
Knowledge attitude beliefs symbols and behaviors associated with a group of people. It makes the context in which a child develops.
Urie bronfenbrenner
Ecological systems theory
Microsystem(work, family)
Mesosystem(collection of Microsystems-how they interact)
Exosystem(outside of the Microsystem and Mesosystem)
Macrosystem(culture that envelops us completely)
Information processing theory
Human like a computer.
Hardware-different memories and where they are stored
Software-organized sets of cognitive processes
Keep on getting better when the old “version” is no longer adequate
Evolutionary theory
Grandparent-grandchild relationships…
Experiment pros and cons
Pros: get specific answers
Cons: difficult to obtain natural environment results may be different, expensive, time consuming
Correlational study pros and cons
Pros: shows relationship between two variables, identify consistent patterns
Cons: can not infer cause and effect relationship
Self report study pros and cons
Pros: cheap and simple to conduct
Cons: accuracy, randomness, not insured, and people may not send surveys back etc.
Naturalistic observation
Pros: pure behavior, natural reactions and reduced artificiality
Cons: cannot control variables, why questions cannot be answered
Convergent validity
Testing again to test validity.
Using different scales to measure your weight
Divergent validity
Showing results are correct by saying the other half is not as active.
Being very introverted results, so extroverts results are low
Longitudinal study
Study on specific individuals over a long period of time
Micro genetic study
Test many people over period of a month across many platforms
Cross sectional study
Testing a wide age group, longitudinal like but over short time using different kids
Sequential design
Mix of cross sectional and longitudinal
Range of kids over long period of time
Ethical responsibilities
Minimize risk to participants
Informed consent
Avoid deception if possible
Keep results anonymous or confidential
Participant observation
Participating in the research setting. 21 jump street. Hard to be viewed as objective by more conventional researchers
Reaction range
A genotype can lead to a range of phenotypes.
Reaction range of intelligence. With a better environment, the range increases
Changing relations between nature and nurture
Passive: parents pass on genotype and environment
Evocative:different genotypes evoke different responses from the environment
Active: actively seek environments related to their genes
Niche picking: the process of deliberately selecting an environment suitable to one’s genotype
