Chapter 5-toddlers Flashcards
Features of human growth
Cephalocaudal principle - top to bottom growth
Muscles become longer and thicker
During first year, a layer of fat is added
Cartilage replaced by bone
Proximidissal-inside out growth-cartilage to bone
Average and normal
Average and normal are not the same. 20 lbs light. 30 heavy. Both are normal. But not average.
Secular growth trends
Generational changes in physical development
Stress
Diets
Mechanisms of physical growth
Heredity
Pituitary gland secretes growth hormone
Nutrition important in infancy when growth is rapid
2 years…growth slows and kids become picky eaters
Dont feed toddlers juice
True
Challenges to healthy growth
Malnutrition is damaging in infancy-causes cognitive delays
After first year of life children are more likely to die of accidents than from any other single cause.
Many diseases that kill young children are preventable with vaccines, improved health care, and changing habits
Malnutrition needs to be treated with adequate diet and parent education
Dynamic systems theory
Motor development involves many different distinct skills
Have to have a reason
Differentiation and integration of skills
Posture, balance, stepping, perceptual skill is necessary
Fine motor skills
Reaching and grasping becomes more coordinated through infancy.
Toddlers prefer to use one hand and this preference becomes stronger during the preschool years
Maturation, experience, and motor skills
Maturation is important, studies of Hopi indians. Cradle board. Don’t move much and they aren’t far behind
Experience matters too, African infants and training studies.
Smell taste touch
New bornsmhave these functions. Mature level at birth for identifying their mother
Hearing
Infants hear quite well, although not as accurately as adults. They can distinguish different sounds and use sounds to judge the distance and location of objects
Auditory threshold
The quietest sound a person can hear
Sight
20/400 at birth. Perceive colors by 3-4 months
Master perceptual consistencies early
Cues to infer depth
Edges and motion are used to percieve objects
Habituation
Things become a habit. Things that are new grab our attention.
After something becomes habituated, attention does not stay with that object. Be able to see how children understand depth…still know teddy bear far away is still teddy bear close.
Visual cliff experiment
Look at pg 139 for picture.
6 month old babies
27/36 babies had no problem going to mom.
9/36 were just stubborn. Not stressed. Didn’t go to mom.
When they had to cross the visual cliff…
33/36 babies stopped at the cliff.
3/36 went across. Though They were incredibly hesitant.
Their heart rates increased, indicating they were scared and related danger to the drop. Something that could hurt them
1 month old babies expressed curiosity when placed near the cliff
chicks…also experienced fear and danger b/c they are mobile
Cephalocaudal principle
Top to bottom growth.
Muscles become longer and thicker
Proximidissal principle
Inside out growth
Cartilage to bone.
