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Studying cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

its a cell which has a nucleus and has membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

give examples of eukaryotic cells

A

plants, algae, animal, protozoan and fungi

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3
Q

name all the organelles in an animal cell

A

golgi apparatus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER
lysosomes
cytoplasm
rough endoplasmic reticulum RER
nucleolus
nuclear pores
nuclear membrane
nucleus
ribosomes
cell membrane
microvilli
mitochondria

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4
Q

give the structure of the nucleus

A

structure
- has a nuclear envelope
- has a double membrane and nuclear pores
- contains chromosomes and chromatin (unwound dna)
- has a nucleolus (where ribosomes are produced)

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5
Q

function of the nucleus

A

function
- stores genetic information for polypeptide production
- site of DNA replication
- site of production of rRna/ ribosomes
- site of production for mRNA

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6
Q

give the structure of mitochondria

A

structure
- has double membrane
- inner membrane is folded to form cristae (increase SA)
- has matrix which is the liquid part containing mitochondrial
DNA, 70s ribosomes, phosphate granule, proteins and lipids

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7
Q

give the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

structure
- highly folded membranes with 880s ribosomes embedded
- the membrane is folded into flattened sacks called cisternae
- joined to nucleus

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8
Q

give the function of mitochondria

A

function
- site of ATP production BY AEROBIC RESPIRATION

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9
Q

give the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

function
- synthesizes and transport of proteins throughout the cell

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10
Q

give the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

structure
- highly folded membranes flattened into sacks called cisternae

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11
Q

give the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

function
- recombines glycerol and fatty acids to make triglycerides
- packages triglycerides into vesicles and transports them to the golgi apparatus

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12
Q

give the structure of lysosomes

A

structure
- membrane-bound organelle that stores and releases many hydrolytic enzymes

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13
Q

give the function of lysosomes

A

function
- contain hydrolytic enzymes - phagocytes are types of white blood cells that contain many lysosomes, as they hydrolyse invading pathogens

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14
Q

what are cisternae

A
  • network of tubules & flattened sacs extends from cell membrane through cytoplasm & connects to nuclear envelope
  • any of the flattened disks of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
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15
Q

give the structure of the cytoplasmic ribosome

A

structure
- made up of 2 subunits that are made of long strands of rRNA and ribosomal proteins
- eukaryotic cell contains 80s cytoplasmic ribosomes

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16
Q

give the function of the cytoplasmic ribosome

A

function
- site of protein synthesis from amino acids

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17
Q

give the structure of the golgi apparatus/ body

A

structure
flattened sacs of membrane filled with fluid
- Golgi vesicles pinch off from main membrane

*always involves proteins

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18
Q

give the function of the golgi apparatus/ body

A

function
- sorts, modifies and packages proteins and triglycerides into vesicles
- Golgi vesicles may be used to form lysosomes
- cells with extensive golgi, packages lots of molecules

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19
Q

what are vesicles

A

A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid

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20
Q

give the structure of the cell surface membrane

A

structure
- made up of phospholipids, specific transport proteins, and carbohydrates arranged into what is described as a fluid mosaic model

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21
Q

give the function of the cell surface membrane

A

function
- controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

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22
Q

give the structure of centrioles

A

structure
- microtubules

NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS

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23
Q

give the function of centrioles

A

function
- form a network of spindle fibers onto which chromosomes attach
- pull chromosomes / chromatids apart

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24
Q

what organelles do plant cells have ( palisade cell)

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • golgi apparatus
  • chloroplast
  • vacuole membrane
  • mitochondrion
  • cytoplasm
  • starch grain
  • large central vacuole
  • rough ER
  • nucleus, which has nucleolus
  • smooth ER
  • ribosomes
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25
Q

in what organisms are chloroplasts found

A

plants and algae

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26
Q

what is the structure of a chloroplast

A
  • granum
  • thylakoid membrane
  • stroma
  • starch grains
  • DNA and ribosomes
27
Q

what is the granum in chloroplasts

A

stack of thylakoid membranes

28
Q

what is the function of the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts

A

contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis and ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP

29
Q

what is the function of the stroma in chloroplasts

A

fluid part, some of the photosynthetic reactions occur here

30
Q

what is the function of the starch grains in chloroplasts

A

the energy storage molecule in plants

31
Q

what is the function of DNA and ribosomes in chloroplasts

A

contain their own DNA and 70s ribosomes for synthesis of enzymes needed for photosynthesis

32
Q

how does the cell wall prevent cell lysis

A

the cell wall is very strong because there’s ,any weak hydrogen bonds between cellulose fibrils which limits the volume of water that can move into the cell and stops osmotic lysis

33
Q

give 3 features of the cell wall

A
  • prevents osmotic lysis
  • is permeable to most molecules
  • has plasmodesmata
34
Q

what is plasmodesmata

A
  • gaps in cell wall that connect cell’s cytoplasm’s together to allow easy movement of water-soluble molecules
  • also contains ribosomes so cells can share material between them
35
Q

what are the cell walls in fungi made up of

A

chitin

36
Q

give key differences between plants cells vs animal cells

A

plant cells:
- has cellulose cell wall but animal cells doesn’t
- has chloroplasts but animal cells dont have any
- has large central vacuole but animal cells doesn’t
- carbs are stored as starch but in animal cells theyre stored as glycogen
- has no centrioles but animal cells do

37
Q

what is a prokaryote

A

cell that doesn’t have nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

38
Q

what are the organelles in a prokaryotic cell

A
  • free DNA in cytoplasm
  • 70s ribosomes (smaller)
  • flagellum
  • mesosomes
  • plasmid
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • capsule
39
Q

what is the function of mesosome in prokaryotic cells

A

involved in making ATP

40
Q

what are plasmids in prokaryotic cells

A

small circular DNA some useful genes stored here

41
Q

what is the cell wall in prokaryotes made up of

A

peptidoglycan or murein

42
Q

what is the function of capsules in prokaryotic cells

A

prevents damage to cell by toxic compounds

43
Q

describe the dna in prokaryotes

A
  • circular
  • not associated with histones
  • no nucleus
44
Q

Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

PROKARYOTIC- DNA is circular and not associated with
histones (proteins).

EUKARYOTIC- DNA is linear (a line) and associated with histones (proteins).

PROKARYOTIC- Contains no membrane bound organelles.

EUKARYOTIC- Contains membrane bound organelles

PROKARYOTIC- Has no ‘true’ nucleus, DNA is free in cytoplasm.

EUKARYOTIC- Has a nucleus, DNA contained within nuclear membrane.

PROKARYOTIC- Contains smaller ribosomes (70s).

EUKARYOTIC- Contains larger ribosomes (80s).

PROKARYOTIC- Some have capsule, one or more flagella, one or more plasmids.

EUKARYOTIC- Do not have capsule.

PROKARYOTIC- Has mesosomes for ATP synthesis

EUKARYOTIC- Does not have mesosomes (has mitochondria)

PROKARYOTIC- Has cell wall made of murein or peptidoglycan

EUKARYOTIC- Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose

45
Q

why are viruses acellular

A

because they are not alive

46
Q

give the structure of a virus

A

Contain DNA or RNA, which can be single or doublestranded.

Surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid

Also a virus has attachment proteins which enable it to bind to host cells

Has enzymes that is uses to replicate its genetic information and insert it into the host cell DNA

47
Q

why can’t viruses make proteins

A

they have no organelles so they use a host cell’s organelles to do this

48
Q

what is resolution

A

ability to distinguish 2 objects that are close together

49
Q

why will the resolution of a light microscope be lower

A

because its limited by wavelength

50
Q

give features of a light microscope

A
  • alive or dead specimens are illuminated using light rays and focused using glass lenses
  • using more lenses gives a higher magnification but loses resolution
  • can’t identify ribosomes mitochondria lysosome
51
Q

how to increase resolution

A

shorten the wavelength of light

52
Q

which microscopes gives 2d and 3d image

A

transmission electron microscope - 2d
scanning electron microscope - 3d

53
Q

how do electron microscopes work

A
  • use beam of electrons to identify specimen
  • electrons have small wavelength so there’s a higher resolution
54
Q

what happens in a transmission electron microscope

A
  • electrons pass through the specimen, less dense structures absorb less e- so lighter and more dense absorb more e- so appear darker
  • allows you to view internal structures
55
Q

what happens in a scanning electron microscope

A
  • specimens are not sliced and e- bounce off the surface of specimen
  • produce 3d image
56
Q

describe the principles and the limitations of using a transmission electron microscope to investigate cell structure

A
  • electrons pass through specimen
  • denser parts absorb more electrons
  • so dense parts appear darker
  • electrons have short wavelength so high resolution
    HOWEVER
  • cannot use living specimen bc it must be in vacuum
  • specimen must be very thin
  • artefacts might be present
  • long preparation time
57
Q

give 1 advantage of TEM over SEM

A

higher resolution / shows structures within cells

58
Q

describe how you could make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue to observe the position of STARCH grains in the cells when using a light microscope

A
  • add a drop of water to slide
  • get thin plant tissue and float on drop of water
  • stain with potassium iodide
  • lower cover slip using a mounted needle to avoid air bubbles
59
Q

when using light microscope 2 equipments are used for measurements

A

eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer

60
Q

how do you do cell fractionation

A
  • homogenise the tissue in blender to break open cell and release organelles into a solution
  • solution is isotonic, ice cold, and buffered
  • filter mixture to remove large pieces of tissue (cellular debris)

differential centrifugation
- centrifuge at high speed
- densest organelle falls to bottom
- forms pellet
- pellet is removed and supernatant is spun again at higher speed for longer time

61
Q

what is does homogenise mean

A

breaking open the cell membrane to release organelles

62
Q

why does the solution need to be
- isotonic
- ice cold
- buffered

A
  • isotonic to prevent osmosis of water in out of organelles so they dont burst/shrivel
  • ice cold to reduce activity of enzymes which might digest organelles
  • buffered to stop pH changes which would denature proteins
63
Q

what is the order of density from most dense

A

nucleus

mitochondria/chloroplast

ribosomes

biology (18 decks)

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