carbohydrates Flashcards
what are monomers
smaller units which can create larger molecules called polymers in a condensation reaction
what are polymers
molecule made from 3 or more smaller molecules called monomers bonded together
name 3 monomers
glucose
amino acids
nucleotide
name 3 polymers
protein
dna/rna
strach
what are monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides examples of
sugars
give 3 monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
give 3 disaccharides
maltose
sucrose
lactose
give 3 polysaccharides
starch
cellulose
glycogen
how has glucose got 2 isomers
alpha and beta glucose both have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in their structure.
what happens in digestion
polysaccharides and disaccharide are broken down into monosaccharides and are then absorbed and used by body
what is a condensation reaction
joining 2 molecules together through the removal of a H2O molecule and formation of a bond. ( in exams specify bond)
state the monomers of starch and the bonds between them
amylose and amylopectin (2 polymers of alpha glucose)
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
function and location of starch
its a store of glucose and its found in starch grains inside plant cells’ ( chloroplasts )
structure of amylase
- unbranched chains of a-glucose coils up to make a helix which is compact so its good for storage and it takes up less space in the cell
- large so it cant diffuse out of cell
- 1-4 glycosidic bond
- insoluble so wont affect water potential
state the monomers of cellulose and the bonds between them
beta glucose and the bonds are 1-4 glycosidic
function and location of cellulose
for structure and strength of cell wall and its found in the cell wall of plants
structure of cellulose
-long straight chains of beta glucose
-which are held together in parallel by many weak hydrogen bonds which collectively provide strength and rigidity
-weak hydrogen bonds form microfibrils
-insoluble so wont affect water potential
-not sweet
state the monomers of glycogen and bond between them
alpha glucose and has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
give the functions and location on glycogen
its a store of glucose and mainly found in liver and muscle cells
structure of glycogen
-has 1-6 glycosidic bonds than Amylopectin therefore its highly branched
-larger surface area
-stored in muscles and liver because there’s more energy demand there
- short branches for rapid hydrolysis into glucose for respiration
-insoluble so doesn’t affect the water potential
why does cellulose give cell rigidity
because the cell wall is inelastic and has high tensile strength to prevent cell bursting.
why does every other beta molecule rotate 180 degrees
to allow OH groups on carbon 1 and 4 to be adjacent to each other to form a 1-4 B glycosidic bond
structure of amylopectin
- branched polymer which provides a large surface area for rapid hydrolysis by enzymes to release glucose for respiration
- large so cant diffuse out of the cell
- 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
- insoluble so wont affect water potential
