Study Types Flashcards
IH Mantra
anticipate
recognize
evaluate
control/mitigate
environmental justice: how to do it
-listen to community and investigate their concerns. but also make them understand you still have to do science
working with communities
- MUST negotiate
- Educate the community
impediments to achieving environmental equity in community
language
desires/comfort of field team (to fix: send in pairs, make sure 1 speaks the language)
CBPR
Community Based Participatory Research
considerations for Community Aid
environmental justice!
Community concerns
differences in power?
Impediments?
What is CBPR
research done WITH (not TO) the community
Principles of CBPR
- the community (unit of identity)
- build on strengths and resources within the community
- facillitate collab, equitable involvement of AL parterns in phases of reasearch (pay community memebers to help)
- Integrae knowledge and mutual benefits for all partners
More principles of CBPR
- co-learning and empowering=change social inequalities
- make it a cyclical, iteraative process
- address health from positive and negative (ecological) perspective
- report findings to ALL partners
- long term commitment by all partners
another study type (other than CBPR)
PPS: Population Proportional to Size
PPS
Proportional to Size NOT exclusively community based more scientific apply state wide (or further) NHEXAS, NHANES
what does NHANES do
changes clothing sizes based on sizes of americans
National Health and Nutrtrition E Survey
nation wide done by the CDC
NHEXAS
sampled every county in AZ for metals, pesticides, VOCS, etc…. multimedia, multipathway
used random Census tracs…can throw out and replace if you have rules before hand
Nogales Water Study
find notes on this
Children’s Exposure to Pesticide
find notes on this
Yavapai Water
find notes on this
NHEXAS
find notes on this
NHEXAS/ABS Food
find notes on this
tools for community studies
Epi HBHP (community input) Data Collection (micro, chm) Biostat analysis Health/community Ed. Program
Enivronmental Health exs
Energy/climage: nrg, carbon footprint
Water/climate
Green Areas (Native plants)
Pollution Reduction Waste Management
Built Environment
Historic Preservation (sense of place)
Insfrastructure/cost
Redevelopment (housing)
Land use/Transportation
Study Types (epi)
case series cross sectional ecological case control Population proportional to size cohort case cross-over
Vision of NEXHAS?
select representative pop. and get measurements needed to get total exposure assessment. enhance quality of policy formation
Goal of NEXHAS
define high end (upper 10th percentile) of multimedia, multipathway exposure distribution for the pop
ID and understand these components of CBPR
- community ID’d problem
- Community expertise in design/recruitment
- Implementation
- Interpretation of data
- development of resolution strategy
- implementation strategy
where did the money go for the study she talked about conducted by UA?
- UA
- community
- personelle doing things
- the lab
NEXHAS…what did the upper 10th percentile show?
thats the people who have a really high exposure to metals, VOCs, and pesticides
in AZ
NEXHAS planning
- study multimedia/exposures in every county in AZ
- Had to randomize all of the census tracts (selected 50 of like 12 grand)…ended up being representative
- needed 75% response rate…have to respect people’s right to say no
can you throw out census tracts?
NEXHAS did if there was 1 person or less on a certain amount of land
had to throw out tribal lands too because the tribes didnt want them there
if someone says no… you have to find a similar family in the same geographic area
is the census always right?
its only done every 10 years… people may live in places that were not developed when the last census happened
primary sampling NEXHAS
total random samples of units in Arizona
started with every county in Arizona, randomized the 12,000 census tracts and selected 50
secondary sampling NEXHAS
census block GROUPS
blocks of houses in community
chose blocks
tertiary sampling NEXHAS
randomize houses in census BLOCK, select 5, then just 3 of those
county missed by NEXHAS
La Paz… it wasn’t a county when they started…Yuma County split into it too
Parker…its on a reservation
65% of land in AZ
either not developed or reservation land
county missed by AZ border survey?
Pima… you could only sample super close to the border, but there were either national parks here or reservation land, so they couldnt get anyone from pima county
NHEXAS demographics
41% hispanics in AZ…census said only 20% (now they say 36%)
Representativeness of NEXHAS: Age
20% pop between 6-17…good with census
PEOPLE UNDER 6 NOT REPRESENTED IN THIS SURVEY!
Representativeness of NEXHAS: household vs. indiv level
totally representative at household level
NOT at indiv level
Representativeness of NEXHAS: ex of Hispanic men
The men were not cool with their blood being taken… worried they’d be caught with an STD
75% female in border study, only 25% male bc they wouldnt do blood
participation in studies
Everyone has opportunity to participate
Everyone has right NOT to participate
have to do sampled people analysis since you dont get what you want
How NEXHAS study worked
scientists were in the homes for a week
collected stuff from people acting normally
samples collected in NEXHAS study
8hrs of questionairs diet diary food/beverage samples duplicate diets biomarkers from blood and feces air samples particulate matter soil floor dust
NEXHAS Stage 1
baseline questionairre
NEXHAS Stage 2
questionairre, food/activity diaries, screening data and samples
NEXHAS Stage 3
intesnive environmental sampling biomarkers duplicate diets water questionairres
what is most urbanized state in the country?
ARIZONA
most people live in PHX, TUC, FLAG, Prescott, Yuma
NEXHAS results
% of HOUSES that have DETECTABLE level (anything bellow detection value is a “0”)
high end of CONC of arsenic… what was the biggest issue?
FOOD
body’s uptake of arsenic…wort media?
AIR…food problem is metabolized by liver, so it doesnt do as much damage as air does
mining vs. non-mining towns: Arsenic NEXHAS
people in non mining towns had 33 micrograms per day
in mining towns: 70 micrograms
community as a limit
community must be willing in order to get a representaive sample
single media studies pros and cons
P: address specific issue
C: fail to reflect accurate exposure and link to health outcomes
accuracy, complexity, and expenditure of study are…
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