Policy and Risk Assessment Flashcards
what is a policy
rules made by an agency to achieve a GOAL
Law
ACTIONS taken to enforce policy
Regulation
A thing that has to happen to achieve a policy
Government’s announcement of policy statement
State of the Union
Who Has policies
government
universities
hospitals
health departments
how are policies enforced
consequences
who comes up with policies
presidents
boards
stakeholders help develop
what is a stakeholders
someone with a financial investment
community members
community subgroups
once policies are in place, can they change?
YES
policy and politics
always will be tied together
some reasons single payer system would be good
- public records: data about diseases easier to access if everything is coded the same way…its not now since insurance differs
- everyone gets health care
REVIEW PAGE 70 AND SLIDE FIGURES
70 and slides
How a policy is developed
- define problem, why its being addressed
- set agenda
- establish the policy
- implement the policy
- assess the policy (done by an outside agency)
- Start over…ITS A CYCLE
Policy Development by Grassroots agency
- Raise awareness
- define problem
- Identify options
- Select policy
- implement policy
- evaluate
- repeat
whats the role of science in policy formation?
science give input at the awareness stage
How Policy and Regulations Differ
POLICY: overall goals and vision
REGULATION: Actual STEPS take that result in implementation (tickets, fines, taxes, rewards
are we ever done with policy?
no, its a never ending cycle
is it easier to do policy prospectively or retrospectively
prospectively
National Global Climate Change and Energy Conservation policies
THERE ARE NONE :’(
Water in the SW… Tucson in the 1970s
tried to charge the rich people a bit more… but they have the power so that obviously did NOT work
Who regulates policies?
Agencies
Law Enforcement
How Public Health is involved in Policy Formation
- define and refine
- surveys (epi)
- sample collection (environmental)
- analysis
- public presentation
- policy and management (OSHA)
Goal of Environmental Policy
reduce human/environment risk/damage from POLLUTANT exposure
Principles of Environmental Policy
precautionary
Environmental Justice
Polluter Pays
sustainability
precautionary
mostly in Europe
must prove product is safe before marketing
here products are innocent until proven guilty and can be sold until they cause a problem
Environmental justice
Everyone should be able to live equally clean/healthily
Polluter Pays
Usually they declare bankruptcy and don’t :(
BP did… and now may? be being taken advantage of
Risk Management Steps
- Formulate problem
- define objective
- ID/evaluate risk management options
- make decision
- decision implementation
- develop indicators
- monitor
- Outcome: reduce risk and improve health
Sustainability
Environmental services…planting trees if you buy a messy car
Hazard Model
look at properties of the hazard
what is the risk exposire
what is the impact/damage
costs? Social, economic, values…
see page 74
74
Agency relationships
EPA tells arizona to monitor air quality
arizona creates ADEQ (unfunded mandate)
ADEQ creates PDEQ (and MDEQ)…largest counties pay taxes to it to go ahead with unfunded mandate
so PDEQ enforces regulations made by EPA…report back up the ladder
unfunded mandates
Congress comes up with a plan…but doesnt have enough money for it… tells state they have to pay for it… state has to come up with something
ex) EPA unfunded mandated of air quality monitoring
ADEQ
basically AZ EPA
Arizona Department of Environmental quality
PDEQ (and MDEQ)
Pima Department of Environmental Quality
Pima (and Maricopa) countie residents have to pay taxes to support these agencies
these agencies take care of what was mandated by the feds
US Fish and Wildlife services
monitor water quality related to fish and wildlife
they are under the clean water act
cannot do away with water by over pumping to protect endangered fish and wildlife
not concrened with our drinking water
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
weather data
who/what protects potable water?
Safe Drinking Water Act 1974 regulates contaminants... MCLs!!!!!!! can't be exceeded in drinking water monitors sewage treatment
who/what protects water in the environment?
Clean Water Act
no dumping into water sources
NOT drinking water
Clean water act
water dumped from industry into water source cannot degrade the water body
NOT HUMAN POTABLE DRINKING WATER
1972
Safe Drinking water act
sets MCLs to protect human health
1974
National Environmental Policy Act
how to preserve the environment
1969
all branches of government must protect the environment
“bugs and bunnies”
Toxic Substance Control Act
1976
relates to chemical releases
controls liscensing of chemicals
why did a lot of acts come about in the (early) 1970s?
the EPA was created in the early 70’s!
who/what deals with historically contaminated sites?
Superfund aka CERLA, SARA
clean up
who/what protects workers
OSHA
occupational safety and health administrated
who/what protects endangered species
Endangered Species Act
Clean Air Act
regulates air quality…mobile (autos) and stationary (industry) emmission standards
NAAQS
SIPs
MACTs
AND AMMENDMENTS… started in the 50’s… ammended through like the 1990s
NAAQS
Clean Air Act regulatory limits
the (6) Primary pollutants and about 300 HAPs (hazardous air pollutants)
tells you how much you can have
SIPs
State Implementation Plans
has to be developed if a NAAQ is exceeded…tells government how you will come into compliance with the laws
whatever you are implementing MUST BE COST EFFECTIVE
arsenic and water… water company can’t afford to give good water
MACTs
Maximum acheivable control Technology standards
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
1980
nicknamed Superfund
clean-up and polluter pays
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
“Community Right to Know Act”
1976
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
1996
children… food exposure standards need to be regulated differently
have to be 10X more regulatory for children
pesticide distribution and registration… reevauate them every 5 years
Endangered Species Act
1973
CONSERVE protected animals/plants
no taking
6 primary pollutants
Nitrogen dioxide sulfur dioxide PM lead CO Ozone
