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Environmental Health > Policy and Risk Assessment > Flashcards

Policy and Risk Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

what is a policy

A

rules made by an agency to achieve a GOAL

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2
Q

Law

A

ACTIONS taken to enforce policy

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3
Q

Regulation

A

A thing that has to happen to achieve a policy

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4
Q

Government’s announcement of policy statement

A

State of the Union

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5
Q

Who Has policies

A

government
universities
hospitals
health departments

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6
Q

how are policies enforced

A

consequences

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7
Q

who comes up with policies

A

presidents
boards
stakeholders help develop

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8
Q

what is a stakeholders

A

someone with a financial investment
community members
community subgroups

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9
Q

once policies are in place, can they change?

A

YES

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10
Q

policy and politics

A

always will be tied together

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11
Q

some reasons single payer system would be good

A
  • public records: data about diseases easier to access if everything is coded the same way…its not now since insurance differs
  • everyone gets health care
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12
Q

REVIEW PAGE 70 AND SLIDE FIGURES

A

70 and slides

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13
Q

How a policy is developed

A
  • define problem, why its being addressed
  • set agenda
  • establish the policy
  • implement the policy
  • assess the policy (done by an outside agency)
  • Start over…ITS A CYCLE
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14
Q

Policy Development by Grassroots agency

A
  • Raise awareness
  • define problem
  • Identify options
  • Select policy
  • implement policy
  • evaluate
  • repeat
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15
Q

whats the role of science in policy formation?

A

science give input at the awareness stage

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16
Q

How Policy and Regulations Differ

A

POLICY: overall goals and vision
REGULATION: Actual STEPS take that result in implementation (tickets, fines, taxes, rewards

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17
Q

are we ever done with policy?

A

no, its a never ending cycle

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18
Q

is it easier to do policy prospectively or retrospectively

A

prospectively

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19
Q

National Global Climate Change and Energy Conservation policies

A

THERE ARE NONE :’(

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20
Q

Water in the SW… Tucson in the 1970s

A

tried to charge the rich people a bit more… but they have the power so that obviously did NOT work

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21
Q

Who regulates policies?

A

Agencies

Law Enforcement

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22
Q

How Public Health is involved in Policy Formation

A
  • define and refine
  • surveys (epi)
  • sample collection (environmental)
  • analysis
  • public presentation
  • policy and management (OSHA)
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23
Q

Goal of Environmental Policy

A

reduce human/environment risk/damage from POLLUTANT exposure

24
Q

Principles of Environmental Policy

A

precautionary
Environmental Justice
Polluter Pays
sustainability

25
Q

precautionary

A

mostly in Europe
must prove product is safe before marketing
here products are innocent until proven guilty and can be sold until they cause a problem

26
Q

Environmental justice

A

Everyone should be able to live equally clean/healthily

27
Q

Polluter Pays

A

Usually they declare bankruptcy and don’t :(

BP did… and now may? be being taken advantage of

28
Q

Risk Management Steps

A
  • Formulate problem
  • define objective
  • ID/evaluate risk management options
  • make decision
  • decision implementation
  • develop indicators
  • monitor
  • Outcome: reduce risk and improve health
29
Q

Sustainability

A

Environmental services…planting trees if you buy a messy car

30
Q

Hazard Model

A

look at properties of the hazard
what is the risk exposire
what is the impact/damage
costs? Social, economic, values…

31
Q

see page 74

A

74

32
Q

Agency relationships

A

EPA tells arizona to monitor air quality
arizona creates ADEQ (unfunded mandate)
ADEQ creates PDEQ (and MDEQ)…largest counties pay taxes to it to go ahead with unfunded mandate

so PDEQ enforces regulations made by EPA…report back up the ladder

33
Q

unfunded mandates

A

Congress comes up with a plan…but doesnt have enough money for it… tells state they have to pay for it… state has to come up with something

ex) EPA unfunded mandated of air quality monitoring

34
Q

ADEQ

A

basically AZ EPA

Arizona Department of Environmental quality

35
Q

PDEQ (and MDEQ)

A

Pima Department of Environmental Quality
Pima (and Maricopa) countie residents have to pay taxes to support these agencies
these agencies take care of what was mandated by the feds

36
Q

US Fish and Wildlife services

A

monitor water quality related to fish and wildlife

they are under the clean water act

cannot do away with water by over pumping to protect endangered fish and wildlife

not concrened with our drinking water

37
Q

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

A

weather data

38
Q

who/what protects potable water?

A 
Safe Drinking Water Act
1974
regulates contaminants...
MCLs!!!!!!! can't be exceeded in drinking water
monitors sewage treatment
39
Q

who/what protects water in the environment?

A

Clean Water Act
no dumping into water sources
NOT drinking water

40
Q

Clean water act

A

water dumped from industry into water source cannot degrade the water body
NOT HUMAN POTABLE DRINKING WATER
1972

41
Q

Safe Drinking water act

A

sets MCLs to protect human health

1974

42
Q

National Environmental Policy Act

A

how to preserve the environment
1969
all branches of government must protect the environment
“bugs and bunnies”

43
Q

Toxic Substance Control Act

A

1976
relates to chemical releases
controls liscensing of chemicals

44
Q

why did a lot of acts come about in the (early) 1970s?

A

the EPA was created in the early 70’s!

45
Q

who/what deals with historically contaminated sites?

A

Superfund aka CERLA, SARA

clean up

46
Q

who/what protects workers

A

OSHA

occupational safety and health administrated

47
Q

who/what protects endangered species

A

Endangered Species Act

48
Q

Clean Air Act

A

regulates air quality…mobile (autos) and stationary (industry) emmission standards
NAAQS
SIPs
MACTs
AND AMMENDMENTS… started in the 50’s… ammended through like the 1990s

49
Q

NAAQS

A

Clean Air Act regulatory limits
the (6) Primary pollutants and about 300 HAPs (hazardous air pollutants)
tells you how much you can have

50
Q

SIPs

A

State Implementation Plans
has to be developed if a NAAQ is exceeded…tells government how you will come into compliance with the laws

whatever you are implementing MUST BE COST EFFECTIVE
arsenic and water… water company can’t afford to give good water

51
Q

MACTs

A

Maximum acheivable control Technology standards

52
Q

CERCLA

A

Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
1980
nicknamed Superfund

clean-up and polluter pays

53
Q

RCRA

A

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
“Community Right to Know Act”
1976

54
Q

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

A

1996
children… food exposure standards need to be regulated differently
have to be 10X more regulatory for children

pesticide distribution and registration… reevauate them every 5 years

55
Q

Endangered Species Act

A

1973
CONSERVE protected animals/plants
no taking

56
Q

6 primary pollutants

A 
Nitrogen dioxide 
sulfur dioxide
PM
lead
CO
Ozone

Environmental Health (6 decks)

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