study questions (wk 1-2) Flashcards
hazard communication standard
contains requirements for employers to evaluate potential chemical hazards and communicate info about them and take appropriate protective measures
when is a secondary container label required
when the product is not in its original container
zoonoses
diseases spread between humans and animals
3 types of samples presented for analysis that might contain zoonotic diseases
body fluids, feces, skin scrapings
3 types of PPE
eye protection, protective clothing, gloves
4 types of lab equipment (in-house clinic)
microscope, refractometer, microhematocrit centrifuge, clinical centrifuge
why are blood collection tubes color coded
some are used for different samples, tests, animals, etc. and limits how much blood you need; presence or absence of additives
sediment
heavy elements that sink to bottom
supernatant
liquid components of sample after spinning
swim arm centrifuge
tube holders swing out in motion
2 disadvantages of swing arm centrifuge
heat build up at excessive speeds and mixing sediment and supernatant when stops and reverts to vertical position
why are samples balanced when in centrifuge
avoids wobbling, no liquid is forced from tube, less damage overall
what can happen to a sample if CVT spins for too long or fast
ruptured cells, changes in morphology
refractometer
measures refractive index of a solution
how to use and aftercare of refractometer
place drop of sample on prism, close cover, bring into light and focus interface line by turning eyepiece; wipe down prism with lens paper and then use distilled water and a paper towel after each use
mechanical stage control
hold slide in place; moves stage back and forth and left and right
condenser
focus light from light source by raising and lowering condenser
diaphragm
opens and closes to control amount of light
rheostat
brightness control; adjusts intensity of light
scanning magnification
x4
low power magnification
x10
high power magnification
x40
oil immersion magnification
x100
how is total magnification calculated
ocular lens x objective lens
total magnification for higher power objective
10 x 40 = 400
par focal
objectives that can be changed with minimal or no refocusing; not having to adjust the course focus when moving from the lower objectives to the higher objectives
8 steps to clean and store microscope
the 10X objective is in place (pointed down), slide has been removed, oculars and each objective has been cleaned with lens paper (clean 100X
last), the power is off, if the stage was dirty - it has been wiped clean, the cord is wrapped around the cord rack, the cover is on, you are using two hands to lift and carry it
hematology
science involved with the study of blood cells and their formations
hemoglobin
iron-containing molecule in RBCs that binds oxygen for transport
7 major functions of blood
carry oxygen from lungs to tissues of body, transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs, transport nutrients from intestines to liver for more processing, delivers hormones to their sites of actions, removal of waste products from the cell and transporting them to kidney, body temp regulation, and carries components of the immune system
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells and platelets
WBCs considered agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
WBCs considered granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
why are blood cells constantly being produced
they have a finite life span (limited and must be replaced)
hematopoietic activity in prenatal, neonatal and juvenile, and adult
prenatal: liver, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow; juvenile: red bone marrow (found in nearly every bone in a fetus or young animal - main site for production of blood cells); adult: red bone marrow (or liver and spleen if stressed)
erythropoiesis
production of reythrocytes
thrombopoiesis
production of platelets
granulopoiesis
production of granulocytes
lymphopenia
decreased number of lymphocytes
pancytopenia
decrease of all blood cell types
leukocytosis
increase number of leukocytes
left-shift
increased number of immature neutrophils in blood
leukemia
neoplastic cells in blood or bone marrow
leukemoid response
characterized by marked leukocytosis, usually inflammatory disease
8 tests in CBC
total RBC count, PCV, plasma protein concentration, total WBC count, blood smear examination, reticulocyte count if anemic, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte indices
what is included in blood film evaluation
Differential WBC count, RBC and leukocyte morphology
PCV
hematocrit; packed cell volume; percent of whole blood composed of RBC
why do RBC gravitate to bottom of tube in centrifugation
higher specific gravity point
Buffy coat
consists of WBC and platelets
normal plasma color
clear, pale yellow/tan
icteric plasma color
yellow
lipemia plasma color
white, milky
hemolyzed plasma color
pale pink, wine red
PCV below normal condition
anemia
PCV too high
polycythemia (dehydrated)
test after PCV in hematocrit tube
plasma protein concentration; total protein/total solids
if plasma protein conc/TP or TS above is normal; too low
Increased-dehydration, decreased-overhydration
formula for estimating RBCs in a ul of blood using PCV
PCV/6 x 1,000,000 = RBC/ul
formula for estimating hemoglobin using PCV
PCV/3 (round to one decimal place) = g/dl of hemoglobin
