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VTT 114 > finals (questions to go over still) > Flashcards

finals (questions to go over still) Flashcards

1
Q

requirements of a chemical hygiene plan

A
  • Eye wash
  • Fire extinguisher
  • Spill cleanup kits
  • Biohazard disposal containers
  • Protective gloves
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2
Q

mechanisms for minimizing exposure to hazard

A
  • proper container labeling
  • safety data sheets
  • secondary labels
  • blood-borne pathogen standard
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3
Q

in-house equipment

A

● Microscope
● Refractometer
● Microhematocrit centrifuge
● Clinical centrifuge

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4
Q

horizontal vs angle head centrifuge

A

angle:
● Higher speeds than swing arm
● Usually only one tube size

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5
Q

refractive index

A

Bending of light rays as they pass through from one medium to another with a different optical density

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6
Q

diaphragm

A

opens and closes for light control

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7
Q

rheostat

A

brightness control

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8
Q

condensor

A

focuses the light by raising and lowering

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9
Q

steps to cleaning microscope

A
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10
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells and platelets

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11
Q

prenatal to adult hematopoiesis

A

Prenatal: Liver, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow
Neonatal and Juvenile: Red bone marrow
Adult: Primarily red bone marrow - If stressed, may revert to production in liver and spleen

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12
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Cytokine responsible for production of RBCs; Produced by cells in kidneys in response to decrease in oxygen tension in blood

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13
Q

lipemic causes what

A

false increase in total protein test

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14
Q

we do not perform a blood smear to estimate what

A

RBC numbers

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15
Q

normal canine RBC

A

biconcave disc shape with an area of central pallor

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16
Q

normal feline RBC

A

Round with little to no area of central pallor

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17
Q

Schistocytes

A

RBC fragments; half of cell is gone

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18
Q

Acanthocytes

A

Spur cells

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19
Q

Echinocytes

A

Burr cells (artifact)

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20
Q

Drepanocytes

A

sickle cells

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21
Q

Keratocytes

A

helment, blister cells

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22
Q

Spherocytes

A

Small, dark staining RBCs with reduced or no central pallor

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23
Q

Leptocytes

A

target cells

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24
Q

Stomatocytes

A

folded, white line (artifact)

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25
Q

Knizocytes

A

Barr cells; dark line

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26
Q

Elliptocytes

A

ovalcytes

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27
Q

Eccentrocytes

A

darker to one side; diabetes

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28
Q

Dacryocytes

A

tear drop (artifact if all face the same way)

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29
Q

Howell jolly bodies

A

response to anemia

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30
Q

cells of erythrocyte maturation series in order

A

rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

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31
Q

how much sample for fecal float

A

1 teaspoon/ 2 grams

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32
Q

Spectrophotometers

A

Designed to measure the amount of light transmitted through a solution

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33
Q

supernatant

A

liquid components of sample after spinning

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34
Q

parfocal

A

don’t have to adjust course focus when moving from lower objectives to higher objectives

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35
Q

left-shift

A

increased number of immature neutrophils in blood

36
Q

pancytopenia

A

decreased number of all cell types

37
Q

CBC tests

38
Q

polycythemia

A

dehrydrated

39
Q

begin blood smear evaluation by scanning for

A

platelet clumps
large abnormal cells
microfilaria

40
Q

5 abnormalities commonly missed

A

nRBCs
toxic granulation
platelet clumps
target cells
hemoparasites

41
Q

pelger-huet anomaly

A

nuclear hyposegmentation

42
Q

eosinophils and basophils

A

modulation and mediation

43
Q

toxic cytoplasm changes in neutrophils

A

basophilic granules
dohle bodies
azurophilic granules
gigantism
foamy cytoplasm

44
Q

reactive lymph

A

immunocyte

45
Q

hyper segmentation is due to

46
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

siderotic granules

47
Q

toxic cytoplasm changes are due to

A

inflammation
infection
drug toxicity

48
Q

pyknosis

A

condensing nucleus as cell dies

49
Q

karolysis

A

dissolution of nuclear membrane

50
Q

karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of nucleus after cell death

51
Q

what to check on blood smear

A

width
length
shape
monolayer

52
Q

ruptured leukocytes

A

smudge or basket cells

53
Q

megathrombocytes

A

caused by early release of platelets

54
Q

characteristics of each immature RBC

55
Q

older cell type creates

A

more immature cells; hemorrhage or premature RBC destruction occurs

56
Q

presence of rubricytes means

A

presence of metarubricytes and polychromatophils

57
Q

immature thrombocytes from least to most

A

megakaryoblast
promegakaryocyte
megakaryocyte

58
Q

proliferation pool (cells capable of mitosis)

A

myeoblasts
promyelocytes
myelocytes

59
Q

maturation pool

A

band cells and metamyelocytes

60
Q

characteristics

61
Q

where do juvenile b lymphs mature

A

bone marrow

62
Q

where do t lymphs mature

63
Q

where do NK cells mature

A

bone marrow, thymus, and lymphoid tissue

64
Q

granules of WBCs first appear in what stage

A

myelocyte stage

65
Q

areas on your body that can be infected by parasites

A

oral cavity
esophagus
stomach
small and large intestine

66
Q

life stages

A

egg
oocysts
larvae
segments
adults

67
Q

fixed head centrifuge

A

more sensitive and takes less time

68
Q

swinging head centrifuge

A

apply coverslip during centrifugation

69
Q

use fecal sedimentation when

A

ova is too large

70
Q

cellophane tape is used for

A

pinworm and tapeworm segments

71
Q

direct smear for

A

giardia and diarrhea

72
Q

modifies mcmasters technique

A

estimate of total eggs per gram

73
Q

antrifugation

A

removes excess debris and takes less time

74
Q

occult blood test

A

intestinal bleeding and hemoglobin

75
Q

disadvantages to impedance

A

variation in cell size
morphological abnormalities
platelet clumping
nRBCs

76
Q

manual cell counts on

A

avian and exotic tests

77
Q

endpoint readings

A

reaction between sample and reagent

78
Q

electrochemical method

A

electrodes with biosensor reagent strips

79
Q

positive controls

A

comes with a result sheet

80
Q

quality control

A

quality beads

81
Q

hemolysis contributes to erroneous blood results

A

AST and ALT can elevate results

82
Q

pancreatic function tests

A

lipase, blood glucose, amylase

83
Q

liver function test

A

Serum bilirubin, Gamma Glutzmyl Transpeptidase (gamma GT), AST, ALT, Alkaline Phosphatase

84
Q

kidney function tests

A

creatinine, BUN

85
Q

skeletal and cardiac muscle function tests

A

sodium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate

86
Q

protein function tests

A

fibrinogen, globulin, albumin

VTT 114 (12 decks)

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