finals (questions to go over still) Flashcards by sophie selander

requirements of a chemical hygiene plan

Eye wash
Fire extinguisher
Spill cleanup kits
Biohazard disposal containers
Protective gloves

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mechanisms for minimizing exposure to hazard

proper container labeling
safety data sheets
secondary labels
blood-borne pathogen standard

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in-house equipment

● Microscope
● Refractometer
● Microhematocrit centrifuge
● Clinical centrifuge

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horizontal vs angle head centrifuge

angle:
● Higher speeds than swing arm
● Usually only one tube size

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refractive index

Bending of light rays as they pass through from one medium to another with a different optical density

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diaphragm

opens and closes for light control

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rheostat

brightness control

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condensor

focuses the light by raising and lowering

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steps to cleaning microscope

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hematopoiesis

production of blood cells and platelets

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prenatal to adult hematopoiesis

Prenatal: Liver, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow
Neonatal and Juvenile: Red bone marrow
Adult: Primarily red bone marrow - If stressed, may revert to production in liver and spleen

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Erythropoietin

Cytokine responsible for production of RBCs; Produced by cells in kidneys in response to decrease in oxygen tension in blood

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lipemic causes what

false increase in total protein test

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we do not perform a blood smear to estimate what

RBC numbers

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normal canine RBC

biconcave disc shape with an area of central pallor

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normal feline RBC

Round with little to no area of central pallor

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Schistocytes

RBC fragments; half of cell is gone

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Acanthocytes

Spur cells

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Echinocytes

Burr cells (artifact)

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Drepanocytes

sickle cells

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Keratocytes

helment, blister cells

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Spherocytes

Small, dark staining RBCs with reduced or no central pallor

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Leptocytes

target cells

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Stomatocytes

folded, white line (artifact)

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Knizocytes

Barr cells; dark line

Elliptocytes

ovalcytes

Eccentrocytes

darker to one side; diabetes

Dacryocytes

tear drop (artifact if all face the same way)

Howell jolly bodies

response to anemia

cells of erythrocyte maturation series in order

rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

how much sample for fecal float

1 teaspoon/ 2 grams

Spectrophotometers

Designed to measure the amount of light transmitted through a solution

supernatant

liquid components of sample after spinning

parfocal

don't have to adjust course focus when moving from lower objectives to higher objectives

left-shift

increased number of immature neutrophils in blood

pancytopenia

decreased number of all cell types

CBC tests

polycythemia

dehrydrated

begin blood smear evaluation by scanning for

platelet clumps large abnormal cells microfilaria

5 abnormalities commonly missed

nRBCs toxic granulation platelet clumps target cells hemoparasites

pelger-huet anomaly

nuclear hyposegmentation

eosinophils and basophils

modulation and mediation

toxic cytoplasm changes in neutrophils

basophilic granules dohle bodies azurophilic granules gigantism foamy cytoplasm

reactive lymph

immunocyte

hyper segmentation is due to

aging

hemolytic anemia

siderotic granules

toxic cytoplasm changes are due to

inflammation infection drug toxicity

pyknosis

condensing nucleus as cell dies

karolysis

dissolution of nuclear membrane

karyorrhexis

fragmentation of nucleus after cell death

what to check on blood smear

width length shape monolayer

ruptured leukocytes

smudge or basket cells

megathrombocytes

caused by early release of platelets

characteristics of each immature RBC

older cell type creates

more immature cells; hemorrhage or premature RBC destruction occurs

presence of rubricytes means

presence of metarubricytes and polychromatophils

immature thrombocytes from least to most

megakaryoblast promegakaryocyte megakaryocyte

proliferation pool (cells capable of mitosis)

myeoblasts promyelocytes myelocytes

maturation pool

band cells and metamyelocytes

characteristics

where do juvenile b lymphs mature

bone marrow

where do t lymphs mature

thymus

where do NK cells mature

bone marrow, thymus, and lymphoid tissue

granules of WBCs first appear in what stage

myelocyte stage

areas on your body that can be infected by parasites

oral cavity esophagus stomach small and large intestine

life stages

egg oocysts larvae segments adults

fixed head centrifuge

more sensitive and takes less time

swinging head centrifuge

apply coverslip during centrifugation

use fecal sedimentation when

ova is too large

cellophane tape is used for

pinworm and tapeworm segments

direct smear for

giardia and diarrhea

modifies mcmasters technique

estimate of total eggs per gram

antrifugation

removes excess debris and takes less time

occult blood test

intestinal bleeding and hemoglobin

disadvantages to impedance

variation in cell size morphological abnormalities platelet clumping nRBCs

manual cell counts on

avian and exotic tests

endpoint readings

reaction between sample and reagent

electrochemical method

electrodes with biosensor reagent strips

positive controls

comes with a result sheet

quality control

quality beads

hemolysis contributes to erroneous blood results

AST and ALT can elevate results

pancreatic function tests

lipase, blood glucose, amylase

liver function test

Serum bilirubin, Gamma Glutzmyl Transpeptidase (gamma GT), AST, ALT, Alkaline Phosphatase

kidney function tests

creatinine, BUN

skeletal and cardiac muscle function tests

sodium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate

protein function tests

fibrinogen, globulin, albumin