Study Questions

Question 1

best treatment

anxiety disorders

Answer 1

most effective = CBT

antianxiety can work too but there are side effects such as the risk of addiction

Question 2

best treatment

specific phobias

Answer 2

systematic desensitization
- make a fear hierarchy then gradually expose them to the fearful object/situation

Question 3

best treatment

panic disorder

Answer 3

CBT
- break association between physical symptoms and the feeling of danger

cognitive restructuring
- understand that panic attacks aren’t heart attacks

Question 4

best treatment

OCD

Answer 4

drug of choice = chlomipramine (SSRI that also blocks the reuptake of other neurotransmitters)

CBT = exposure and response prevention (works better than meds)

DBS = if nothing else works

Question 5

best treatment

addiction

Answer 5

• drug replacements to reduce cravings and symptoms of withdrawal
• family and group therapy

Question 6

best treatment

depression

Answer 6

• CBT is just as effective as antidepressants
• combination of both works best

CBT
- help think more adaptively to improve mood and behaviour

Question 7

best treatment

schizophrenia

Answer 7

drug of choice = atypical antipsychotics (clozapine)
- works on + and - symptoms

psych-social treatment
- drugs + occupational and social therapy
- social skills training

Question 8

best treatment

BPD

Answer 8

Dialectical behaviour therapy
- combines elements of cognitive, behavioural, and psychodynamic approaches

Question 9

best treatment

APD

Answer 9

• drugs and therapy are mostly ineffective
• likley to improve/decrease with age

Question 10

best treatment

ADHD

Answer 10

• stimulants (ritalin and adderall)
• mixed with behavioural therapy

Question 11

best treatment

ASD

Answer 11

Applied behavioural analysis (ABA)
- based on operant conditioning (reinforcers)

biological treatments
- SSRIs may help
- oxytocin to help with social cognition

Question 12

exposure therapies

flooding

Answer 12

forced exposure in a safe environment

Question 13

exposure therapies

counterconditioning

Answer 13

extinguish a CR by pairing it with an incompatible response

Question 14

exposure therapies

systematic desensitization

Answer 14

gradual exposure

Question 15

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 15

absence of normal behaviours

Question 16

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 16

presence of maladaptive behaviours

Question 17

5 anxiety disorders

specific phobias

Answer 17

fear of something that is disproportionate to the threat

Question 18

5 anxiety disorders

social anxiety

Answer 18

fear of being judged negatively by others

Question 19

5 anxiety disorders

panic disorder

Answer 19

sudden attacks of overwhelming terror

Question 20

5 anxiety disorders

agoraphobia

Answer 20

fear of being in situations you can’t easily escape from

Question 21

5 anxiety disorders

GAD

Answer 21

persistent feeling of anxiety even in the absense of a specific trigger

Question 22

objective personality tests

Answer 22

• direct assessments of personality (ex. self-reports, questionnaires)

Question 23

projective personality tests

Answer 23

• examine tendencies to respond in a certain way by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli (ex. inkblot)
• makes correlations that aren’t really there
• tries to reveal hidden emotions and meanings

Question 24

big 5

openness to experience

Answer 24

outgoing, adventurous

Question 25

# big 5 conscientiousness

Answer 25

responsible, takes others seriously, desire to do well

Question 26

# big 5 extraversion

Answer 26

sociable, assertive

Question 27

# big 5 agreeableness

Answer 27

work with others, go with the flow

Question 28

# big 5 neuroticism

Answer 28

emotional instability, irritability, self-doubt, anxiety

Question 29

Big 5 theory of personality traits

Answer 29

idea that personality can be described and evaluated using 5 factors which can also predict future behaviours and life outcomes

Question 30

# biases that can affect attributions fundamental attribution error

Answer 30

greater emphasis placed on dispositional factors (personality) when assuming the cause of someone's behaviour

Question 31

# biases that can affect attributions actor/observer discrepancy

Answer 31

tendency to make the fundamental attribution error when observing others but not yourself

Question 32

# biases that can affect attributions self-serving bias

Answer 32

actor/observer discrepancy only holds true for negative behaviours

Question 33

# biases that can affect attributions just-world bias

Answer 33

assuming everything is good and that negative outcomes are a flaw of the system, not ourselves

Question 34

social loafing

Answer 34

- not working as well in a group

Question 35

social facilitation

Answer 35

body doubling

Question 36

realistic optimism

Answer 36

hope for the best, prepare for the worst

Question 37

unrealistic optimism

Answer 37

- overly optimistic - blind to reality - more likely to get hurt

Question 38

optimism

Answer 38

- typically thinks positively - lower risk of heart disease

Question 39

pessimism

Answer 39

- typically thinks negatively - higher rate of mortality

Question 40

what is the relationship between stress and physical health?

Answer 40

- high stress weakens the immune system - can cause heart disease because blood vessels are less able to dialate - stress may cause people to engage in unhealthy coping behaviours

Question 41

why does where you live affect your health?

Answer 41

- socioeconomic status

Question 42

what is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 42

- belief that people are motivated by certain needs - some are more important than others - need to reach them in order

Question 43

# theories of emotion schachter-singer

Answer 43

- emotions follow general patterns - levels of arousal can be interpreted differently based on the label it's given

Question 44

# theories of emotion canon-bard

Answer 44

- mind is independent of the body - hormones vs neural impulses - too many emotions for each to have a pattern - experienced separately

Question 45

# theories of emotion james-lange

Answer 45

- physiological response tells us our emotional response

Question 46

# Piaget's stages of cognitive development sensorimotor

Answer 46

birth - 2 - gain a sense of object permenance, motor control - egocentric

Question 47

# Piaget's stages of cognitive development preoperational

Answer 47

2 - 7 - language and symbols - egocentric - doesn't understand theory of mind - classify and categorize

Question 48

# Piaget's stages of cognitive development concrete operational

Answer 48

7 - 12 - theory of mind - no longer egocentric - conservation of quantity

Question 49

# Piaget's stages of cognitive development formal operational

Answer 49

12+ - think abstractly - test hypotheses