Study Questions Flashcards
best treatment
anxiety disorders
most effective = CBT
antianxiety can work too but there are side effects such as the risk of addiction
best treatment
specific phobias
systematic desensitization
- make a fear hierarchy then gradually expose them to the fearful object/situation
best treatment
panic disorder
CBT
- break association between physical symptoms and the feeling of danger
cognitive restructuring
- understand that panic attacks aren’t heart attacks
best treatment
OCD
drug of choice = chlomipramine (SSRI that also blocks the reuptake of other neurotransmitters)
CBT = exposure and response prevention (works better than meds)
DBS = if nothing else works
best treatment
addiction
- drug replacements to reduce cravings and symptoms of withdrawal
- family and group therapy
best treatment
depression
- CBT is just as effective as antidepressants
- combination of both works best
CBT
- help think more adaptively to improve mood and behaviour
best treatment
schizophrenia
drug of choice = atypical antipsychotics (clozapine)
- works on + and - symptoms
psych-social treatment
- drugs + occupational and social therapy
- social skills training
best treatment
BPD
Dialectical behaviour therapy
- combines elements of cognitive, behavioural, and psychodynamic approaches
best treatment
APD
- drugs and therapy are mostly ineffective
- likley to improve/decrease with age
best treatment
ADHD
- stimulants (ritalin and adderall)
- mixed with behavioural therapy
best treatment
ASD
Applied behavioural analysis (ABA)
- based on operant conditioning (reinforcers)
biological treatments
- SSRIs may help
- oxytocin to help with social cognition
exposure therapies
flooding
forced exposure in a safe environment
exposure therapies
counterconditioning
extinguish a CR by pairing it with an incompatible response
exposure therapies
systematic desensitization
gradual exposure
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
absence of normal behaviours
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
presence of maladaptive behaviours
5 anxiety disorders
specific phobias
fear of something that is disproportionate to the threat
5 anxiety disorders
social anxiety
fear of being judged negatively by others
5 anxiety disorders
panic disorder
sudden attacks of overwhelming terror
5 anxiety disorders
agoraphobia
fear of being in situations you can’t easily escape from
5 anxiety disorders
GAD
persistent feeling of anxiety even in the absense of a specific trigger
objective personality tests
- direct assessments of personality (ex. self-reports, questionnaires)
projective personality tests
- examine tendencies to respond in a certain way by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli (ex. inkblot)
- makes correlations that aren’t really there
- tries to reveal hidden emotions and meanings
big 5
openness to experience
outgoing, adventurous
big 5
conscientiousness
responsible, takes others seriously, desire to do well
big 5
extraversion
sociable, assertive
big 5
agreeableness
work with others, go with the flow
big 5
neuroticism
emotional instability, irritability, self-doubt, anxiety
Big 5 theory of personality traits
idea that personality can be described and evaluated using 5 factors which can also predict future behaviours and life outcomes
biases that can affect attributions
fundamental attribution error
greater emphasis placed on dispositional factors (personality) when assuming the cause of someone’s behaviour
biases that can affect attributions
actor/observer discrepancy
tendency to make the fundamental attribution error when observing others but not yourself
biases that can affect attributions
self-serving bias
actor/observer discrepancy only holds true for negative behaviours
biases that can affect attributions
just-world bias
assuming everything is good and that negative outcomes are a flaw of the system, not ourselves
social loafing
- not working as well in a group
social facilitation
body doubling
realistic optimism
hope for the best, prepare for the worst
unrealistic optimism
- overly optimistic
- blind to reality
- more likely to get hurt
optimism
- typically thinks positively
- lower risk of heart disease
pessimism
- typically thinks negatively
- higher rate of mortality
what is the relationship between stress and physical health?
- high stress weakens the immune system
- can cause heart disease because blood vessels are less able to dialate
- stress may cause people to engage in unhealthy coping behaviours
why does where you live affect your health?
- socioeconomic status
what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
- belief that people are motivated by certain needs
- some are more important than others
- need to reach them in order
theories of emotion
schachter-singer
- emotions follow general patterns
- levels of arousal can be interpreted differently based on the label it’s given
theories of emotion
canon-bard
- mind is independent of the body
- hormones vs neural impulses
- too many emotions for each to have a pattern
- experienced separately
theories of emotion
james-lange
- physiological response tells us our emotional response
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor
birth - 2
- gain a sense of object permenance, motor control
- egocentric
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
preoperational
2 - 7
- language and symbols
- egocentric
- doesn’t understand theory of mind
- classify and categorize
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
concrete operational
7 - 12
- theory of mind
- no longer egocentric
- conservation of quantity
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
formal operational
12+
- think abstractly
- test hypotheses
