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PSYCH 102 > 11 - Health and Well-Being > Flashcards

11 - Health and Well-Being Flashcards

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1
Q

well-being

A
  • a positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction
  • happy w/both physical and mental health
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2
Q

Health Psychology

A

using what we know about psych to promote health and well-being

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3
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A
  • how the 3 things work with or against each other (ex. how social conditions could lead to depression which could lead to behavioural changes which could worsen the social situation…etc.)
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4
Q

Health disparities

A

differences in health outcomes, such as illness or death rates, between groups of people (ex. race, sex, gender, class, etc.)

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5
Q

Immigrant paradox

A
  • pattern where foreign-born immigrants to the US have better health than the children of those immigrants who are born in the US
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6
Q

Socioeconomic Status Health Gradient

Socioeconomic Status

A
  • lower socioeconomic status ( therefore less resources) have worse health outcomes
  • socioeconomic status is determined by income, wealth, and education
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7
Q

Stress

A

a type of response that typically involves an unpleasant state, such as anxiety or tension

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8
Q

Stressor

A

Something in the external situation that is perceived as threatening or demanding and therefore produces stress

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9
Q

coping resonse

A

any attempt made to avoid, escape from, or minimize a stressor
- elicited by stress
- attempt to return to our baseline

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10
Q

Eustress

A

stress of positive events (ex. getting accepted into AFP at StFX)

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11
Q

Distress

A

stress of negative events (ex. being stuck in traffic)

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12
Q

3 categories of stressors

Major life stressors

A
  • changes or disruptions that strain central areas of peoples’ lives
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13
Q

3 categories of stressors

Chronic stress

A
  • set of ongoing challenges (ex. long-term illness, poverty, caregiving)
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14
Q

3 categories of stressors

Daily hassles

A
  • small irritations and annoyances
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15
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

the physiological preparation of animals to deal with an attack

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16
Q

immune system

A

the body’s mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses
- stress alters the immune system

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17
Q

Cortisol

A
  • stress hormone
  • released by adrenal glands
  • increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream
  • mobilize fast energy sources and prepare the body for injury
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18
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

A

stressful event sets of a chain of reactions

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19
Q

What brain areas does cortisol circulate through? (3)

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

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20
Q

How does HPA work? What are the steps?

A

1) hypothalamus sends a message to pituitary gland
2) pituitary gland sends a hormone to adrenal glands
3) adrenal glands secrete cortisol

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21
Q

Hans Selye

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

a consistent pattern of responses to stress that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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22
Q

GAS

alarm response

A
  • fight-or-flight
  • physiological responses (release of cortisol and epinephrine)
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23
Q

GAS

resistance response

A
  • body prepares for longer, sustained defense from a stressor
  • body maximizes it’s defenses
  • increase in immune system function
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24
Q

GAS

exhaustion response

A
  • various physiological and immune systems fail
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25
Q

Bruce McEwen

Allostatic Load

A
  • how the “wear and tear” on the bodily systems (stress, digestive, immune, cardiovascular, hormonal) can add up over time
  • how they change as a result
  • ## our bodily systems may become less responsive if they keep “crying wolf”
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26
Q

Taylor et al

tend-and-befriend response

A
  • most research has been done using males
  • females tend to respond to stress by protecting and caring for offspring and forming social alliances instead of fight or flight
  • not necessarily gendered
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27
Q

Q: which hormone is released by the adrenal gland during activation of the HPA axis in response to stress?

A

cortisol

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28
Q

What does short-term stress do to the immune system? Chronic stress?

A

short-term boosts, chronic weakens

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29
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • immune system is made up of 3 types of white blood cells (B cells, T cells, natural killer cells)
  • each have a specialized role
30
Q

lymphocytes

B cells

What are antibodies?

A

produce antibodies
- protein molecules that attach themselves to foreign agents and mark them for destruction

31
Q

Lymphocytes

T cells

A
  • assist B cells in attacking intruders directly
  • increases strength of immune response
32
Q

Lymphocytes

Natural killer cells

A
  • especially good at killing viruses
  • attack tumours
33
Q

Q: How does stress affect the lymphocytes?

A
  • temporarily diminish their effectiveness
  • decrease in production
  • therefore, body heals slower when stressed
34
Q

Type A behaviour pattern

A

set of personality traits that predict heart disease
- competitive
- achievement oriented
- aggressive
- hostile
- impatient
- unable to relax

35
Q

Cognitive appraisal (coping mechanism)

primary appraisal

A
  • decide whether stimuli are stressful, benign, or irrelevant
36
Q

Cognitive appraisal (coping mechanism)

secondary appraisal

A
  • if a stimuli is determined as being stressful, secondary appraisals evaluate ways to respond and choose coping methods
37
Q

anticipatory coping

A
  • coping that occurs before a stressor happens (ex. thinking of all possible outcomes)
38
Q

Emotion-focused coping

what are the pro’s and con’s?

A
  • people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor
  • distraction, distancing
  • can be functional sometimes but usually only short-term
39
Q

Problem-focused coping

what are the pro’s and con’s?

A
  • people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor
  • likley when they see a stressor as being controllable (and it’s bad if they aren’t - becomes frustrated or upset)
40
Q

What are 3 strategies for using positive thoughts to deal with stress?

A

1) positive reappraisal
- look for the positives
- think of stress as being adaptive
2) downward comparison
- comparing yourself to someone who is doing worse
3) creation of positive events
- giving positive meaning to ordinary events

41
Q

broaden-and-build theory

A
  • positive emotions cause people to expand their view of what is possible and develop (build) new ideas
  • most often seen in resilient individuals
42
Q

What do psychologists from the humanist school of thought focus on?

A

what is positive in the human experience
- what makes people authentically happy
- what makes people thrive

43
Q

What are the 3 components of happiness according to positive psychologists? +2

A

1) positive emotion and pleasure
2) engagement in life
3) a meaningful life
4) good relationships
5) history of accomplishment

44
Q

Q: What is the current scientific consensus on the relationship between happiness and health?

A

positive emotions and good health are related but directionality and causation have not been fully determined

45
Q

buffering hypothesis

A

the idea that other people can provide direct emotional support which helps individuals cope with stress
(ex. expression of care and willingness to listen)

46
Q

what are some reasons as to why religious people report greater feelings of well-being?

A
  • strong sense of community (shared beliefs)
  • better at coping (beliefs as a buffer)
  • many religions support healthy behaviours
  • sense of meaning and purpose
47
Q

How does behaviour cause death?

A
  • people are most likley to die from something that was a result of their behaviours
  • aged 1-24 - 50% are caused by accidents or suicide
48
Q

what are some healthy behaviours that can extend life expectancy?

(5)

A
  • low risk lifestyle
  • maintaining moderate weight
  • exercise
  • abstaining from alcohol
  • eating healthy
49
Q

how can poverty and discrimination impact health?

A
  • higher rates of depression, anxiety, addiction, stress, poor diet, cardiovascular disease
  • higher rates of chronic stress
50
Q

Why do we get hungry?

Glucostatic theory

A
  • hunger determined by monitoring glucose in the blood
51
Q

glucostats and insulin

A

specialized receptors
too low -> signals hypothalamus -> becomes hungry

insulin helps store glucose

52
Q

why/how we eat

unit bias

A
  • we assume a unit of sale is a portion
53
Q

why/how we eat

social facilitation

A

the presence of others makes you do more or less of something

54
Q

why/how we eat

impression management

A

the behaviour you do to make others see you in a certain way

55
Q

why/how we eat

impact of variety/choice

A
  • so many options in a grocery store or restaurant
  • we want to try everything
56
Q

why doesn’t restrictive dieting work?

A
  • our body constantly thinks we are starving
  • turns every little thing into fat
  • maintains setpoint to avoid starving
  • increased efficiency
57
Q

peer pressure

false consensus

A

thinking something like smoking will make you a cool kid

58
Q

coping

Appraisal

A

assessing and evaluating potential threat and demands of an event

59
Q

coping

positive reappraisal

A
  • focus on the positives
  • think of changes you can make to do better next time
60
Q

coping

Downward comparison

A
  • comparing yourself to someone who is worse off
61
Q

coping

creation of positive events

A
  • give positive meaning to ordinary things
62
Q

hardiness

A
  • the ability to be stress resistant
  • grit
  • sees threat as challenge
  • perception of control
63
Q

Resilience

A
  • ability to recover from stress
  • focus on positive outcomes
64
Q

Rita Joe

Post-traumatic growth

A
  • takes a negative situation and turns it into growth
65
Q

coping strategies

Positive Psychology

A
  • study of positive human functioning and flourishing
  • focus on positive emotions
66
Q

coping strategies

how does laughter help us?

A
  • releases good neurotransmitters
  • decreases stress response
  • strengthens immune system
67
Q

how is optimism beneficial

A

lower rates of heart disease

68
Q

how is pessimism harmful

A

increased risk of mortality

69
Q

helping

altruism

A
  • providing help w/o apparent reward
70
Q

helping

prosocial behaviour

A
  • benefits others
71
Q

Realistic Optimism

A
  • hope for the best, prepare for the worst
72
Q

Unrealistic Optimism

A
  • ignores potential threats
  • overly optimistic - blind to reality

PSYCH 102 (8 decks)

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