15 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
Psychotherapy
A
- the generic name given to formal psychological treatment
- always involves interactions between practitioner and client - aimed at helping the client understand their symptoms and thinking of possible solutions for them
2
Q
Biological therapies
A
- treatments of psychological disorders based on medical approaches to disease (what is wrong with the body) and to illness (what a person feels as a result)
- based on the assumption that psychological disorders result from abnormalities in neural and bodily processes
3
Q
Psychopharmacology
A
- use of medications that affect the brain or body functions to treat psychological disorders
- may not be as effective long-term as non biological treatments (ex. therapy)
4
Q
Psychodynamic therapy
A
- based on Freudian theory
- aims to help clients examine their needs, defenses, and motives as a way of understanding why they are distressed
- “talking therapy”
5
Q
What are some common features of psychodynamic therapy?
(5)
A
- exploring avoidance of distressing thoughts
- looking for recurring themes and patterns in thoughts and feelings
- discussing early traumatic experiences
- focusing on interpersonal relations and childhood attachments
- exploring fantasies, dreams, and daydreams
6
Q
Behaviour therapy
A
- treatment based on the premise that behaviour is learned and therefore can be unlearned through the use of classical and operant conditioning
7
Q
behavioural therapy
Exposure
A
- a technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation
- by confronting feared stimuli without negative consequences, the person will learn new non-threatening associations
8
Q
Cognitive therapy
A
- treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviours and emotions; treatment strategies attempt to modify these thought patterns
9
Q
Cognitive restructuring
A
- a therapy that strives to help clients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality
10
Q
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
A
- a therapy that involves techniques from cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviours
- most widely used version of psychotherapy
- most effective
11
Q
Client-centered therapy
A
- an empathetic approach to therapy
- encourages people to fulfill their individual potentials for personal growth through greater self-understanding
12
Q
Q: What is reflective listening?
A
- a part of humanistic approaches to treatment
- therapist listens and then repeats the client’s concerns to help the person clarify their feelings
13
Q
Psychotropic medications
A
- drugs that affect mental processes
- act by changing brain neurochemistry
- alter synaptic transmission to increase or decrease the action of particular neurotransmitters
14
Q
What are the 3 categories of psychotropic medications that they typically fall under?
A
- antianxiety
- antidepressants
- antipsychotics
15
Q
Q: What is the primary neurotransmitter affected by antianxiety drugs?
A
- increase the activity of GABA which is the primary neurotransmitter that inhibits brain activity
16
Q
antianxiety drugs
Benzodiazepines (ex. Xanax and Ativan)
A
- increase activity of GABA
- reduce anxiety and promote relaxation
- can also induce drowsiness
- highly addictive
17
Q
How do selective serotonin inhibitors SSRIs work as antidepressants?
A
- block the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron
- allows serotonin to remain in synapse
18
Q
Antipsychotics
A
- a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis
19
Q
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A
- a procedure that involves administering a strong electrical current to the brain to produce a seizure
- effective for some cases of severe depression
20
Q
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
A
- specific brain regions are targeted with an intense electromagnetic pulse
- stimulates or inhibits neural function in targeted region
- mainly used to treat severe depression
21
Q
Deep Brain Stimulation
A
- electrodes are implanted deep into the brain
- currently used to treat: parkinson’s, major depression, essential tremor, epilepsy, OCD
22
Q
Placebo Effect
A
- an improvement in physical or mental health following treatment with a placebo (a drug or treatment that has no active component for the disorder being treated)
23
Q
Q: Why is CBT typically favoured over anxiolytics for the treatment of anxiety disorders?
A
The results of CBT are as effective as medication treatments for anxiety and the benefits are longer lasting, while the side effects of anxiolytics, such as addiction and greater likelihood of relapse, are avoided
24
Q
Q: How do exposure and response prevention reduce obsessions and compulsions?
A
Exposure ot the feared stimulus in a nonthreatening context, followed by response prevention, extinguishes the conditioned links between the stimulus and anxiety response and the compulsive behaviour aimed at reducing the anxiety
force them to do what makes them uncomfy ex. touch a doorknob then not wash their hands
25
What are the 3 goals of addiction treatment?
1. stop using drugs
2. stay drug free
3. be productive in life
26
Q: How does medication-assisted treatment help prevent relapse in people with opiod use disorder?
Medication can help reduce drug cravings
27
Q: Which medications are most typically prescribed for bipolar disorder, and which symptoms are they best at controlling?
- mood stabilizers, especially lithium and atypical antipsychotics
- control manic symptoms better than depression
28
What are the most common traditional antipsychotics prescribed for schizophrenia and what do they do?
- Chlorpromazine and haloperidol
- tranquilizers
- good for the positive symptoms but not for negative
- reduces anxiety without inducing sleep
29
Why is the atypical antipsychotic Clozapine better than the traditional antipsychotics?
- works on both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- works on patients who don't respond to clorpromazine
30
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)
- a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder that combines elements of the behavioural and cognitive treatments with a mindfulness approach based on Eastern meditative practices
31
Q: What is the general prognosis for those with antisocial personality disorder?
- few therapies work for them
- most people with APD show a reduction in antisocial behaviour after about age 40
32
How do ADHD meds work
- Ritalin affects multiple neurotransmitters such as dopamine
- stimulate activity in the frontal lobe regions that support both cognition and behavioural control
- methylphenidate - central nervous system stimulant
- cognitive enhancers
33
Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA)
- an intensive treatment for autism based on operant conditioning
- behaviours that are reinforced should increase in frequency, and behaviours that are not reinforced should diminish
34
What is lithium used for
- mood stabilizer
- bipolar disorder
35
What are Prozac and SSRIs used for
- first line of treatment for depression
- alleviating feelings of worthlessness
- can also help with OCD
36
Interpersonal therapy
- focuses on relationships the client attempts to avoid
- uses cognitive techniques to help clients understand their relationships
- patients encouraged to explore their relationship experiences and express their emotions
37
What is clomipramine used for
- treating OCD
- serotonin reuptake inhibitor that works on other neurotransmitters as well (unlike SSRIs which only work on serotonin)
