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PSYCH 102 > 13 - Personality > Flashcards

13 - Personality Flashcards

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2
Q

Albert Bandura

Reciprocal determinism

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the theory that the expression of personality can be explained by the interaction of environment, personal factors, and behaviour itself

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3
Q

Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin

What are the 3 basic characteristics that can be considered temperaments?

A

1) activity level
- overall amount of energy a person exhibits
2) emotionality
- intensity of emotional reactions
3) sociability
- intorvert or extravert
- tendency to affiliate with others

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4
Q

assessing personality

Idiographic approaches

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  • person-centered
  • focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons
  • think individually
  • focus on individual lives
  • what makes them unique
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5
Q

assessing personality

Nomothetic approaches

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  • focus on characteristics that are common to all people but that vary from person to person
  • compare all people
  • focus on the variation in common characteristics from person to person
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6
Q

assessing personality

projective measures

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  • attempts to examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli
  • ex. inkblot test
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7
Q

George Kelly

personal constructs

A
  • personal theories of how the world works
  • believed people view the world as if they are scientists, constantly testing their theories and observing events
  • develop through experiences
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8
Q

Hans Eysenck

Biological trait theory

what are the 2 major dimensions of personality traits?

A
  • introversion/extroversion
  • emotional stability
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9
Q

personality, learning and cognition

Behaviour is a function of what 2 things, according to Julian Rotter?

A
  1. the person’s expectancy that a reward (reinforcement) with result from the behaviour
  2. the value the person ascribes to particular rewards
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10
Q

Saucier et al

4 general aspects most likley to influence behaviour/personality

A
  1. locations (where they are)
  2. associations (who they are with)
  3. activities (ex. some people’s personalitys change when playing sports)
  4. subjective states (ex. bad mood, under the influence)
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11
Q

self-esteem

reflected appraisal

A
  • learning about yourself through the eyes of others
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12
Q

twin studies

is there a relationship between adopted siblings? adopted parents?

A
  • no and no
  • parental influence has very little effect on personality development
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13
Q

at what point are personality changes most likley to happen in life?

A
  • when the expectations and experiences associated with age-related roles (becoming a parent, employee, etc.) also change
  • these events typically lead to a change in lifestyle
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14
Q

Behavioural approach system (BAS)

A
  • the brain system that leads organisms to approach stimuli in pursuit of rewards
  • the “go system”
  • links to extraversion
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15
Q

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A
  • brain system that monitors for threats in the environment and therefore slows or inhibits behaviour in order to be vigilant for danger or pain
  • the “slow down” system
  • links to neuroticism
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16
Q

Cattell’s theory

A
  • performed factory analysis
  • developed 16 source traits of personality
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17
Q

Dark Triad

A
  1. narcissism
  2. psychopathy
  3. machiavellianism
    - people who are especially manipulative of others for their own personal gain and lack concern with moral norms against harming others
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18
Q

Dispositions

A
  • a person’s inherent qualities of mind and character
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19
Q

Do genes have an effect on personality?

A
  • individual genes make very minor contributions
  • predisposition to personality traits is polygenetic
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20
Q

Does parenting have an impact on personality?

A
  • not as much as was previously assumed
  • adopted children don’t share personalities with adoptive parents
  • genes determine personality stronger than relationships do (even though the impact is still small)
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21
Q

Emotional stability

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  • consistency in a person’s moods and emotions
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22
Q

Extraversion

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  • how sociable, outgoing, and bold a person is
  • require greater arousal to function optimally (low baseline level of arousal)
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23
Q

Fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS)

A
  • brain system that promotes behaviours that can protect the organism from harm
  • the “stop or escape” system
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24
Q

Humanistic approaches to studying personality

A
  • emphasizes how people seek to fulfill their potential through greater self-understanding
  • Self-actualization
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25
Q

Interactionism

A
  • the theory that behaviour is determined jointly by situations and underlying dispositions
  • environment affects people but people also affect their environment
  • combination of situation and disposition
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26
Q

internal locus of control vs external locus of control

A

internal: believe they bring about their own rewards
external: believe rewards are the result of forces beyond their control

27
Q

Introversion

A
  • how shy, reserved, and quiet someone is
  • prefer solitude and a quiet environment (higher baseline level of arousal)
28
Q

Light Triad

A
  1. humanism
    - valuing the worth and dignity of every person
  2. faith in humanity
    - believing in the inherent goodness of humans
  3. Kantianism
    - honest
    - feel uncomfortable manipulating others to get what they want
29
Q

Locus of control

A

people’s personal beliefs about how much control they have over outcomes in their lives

30
Q

Need for cognition

A
  • the tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking about difficult questions or problems
31
Q

Neurotic

A
  • someone who is more emotional
  • frequent and dramatic mood swings
  • often feel anxious, moody, depressed
  • low opinions of themselves
32
Q

Personality

A
  • a person’s characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviours
  • remains relatively consistent over time
33
Q

Personality states

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  • temporary moods that cause a person to behave in a certain way in a certain situation
34
Q

Personality Trait

A
  • a pattern of thought, emotion, and behaviour that is relatively consistent over time and across situations
35
Q

Personality Type

A
  • different categories into which personality characteristics can be assigned
  • ex. characters
36
Q

Psychoticism

A
  • mix of aggression, poor impulse control, self-centeredness, and lack of empathy
37
Q

Q: How do biologically based temperaments shape our environment?

A

Temperaments shape our choices and behavioural patterns which then influence the situations we get ourselves into and the behaviours of those around us

38
Q

Q: Why might two people who differ substantially in level of extraversion behave similarly at a wedding ceremony?

A

A wedding ceremony is a strong situation, where social norms can mask individual differences in personality

39
Q

rank-order stability

A
  • how do you rank against your peer group?
  • consistency is lowest in childhood and highest after the age of 50
40
Q

self-concept

A
  • web of info that you know and believe about yourself
  • ex: I am… optiministic, friendly, etc.
  • how would you desribe yourself
41
Q

self-esteem

(5)

A
  • evaluative aspect of the self-concept in which people feel worthy or unworthy
  • person’s emotional response to contemplating personal characteristics
  • monitors your risk of social exclusion
  • people higher in self-esteem tend to be happier
  • doesn’t correlate with positive outcomes (ex. good job, etc)
42
Q

self-schema

A
  • a knowledge structure that contains memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self and that helps people efficiently perceive, organize, interpret, and use information related to themselves
  • helps you remember info relevant to yourself (why making connections while studying works so well)
  • help us process information
43
Q

self-serving bias

A

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

44
Q

Situationism

A

the theory that behaviour is determined more by situtaions than by personality traits

45
Q

Social comparison

downward and upward comparisons

A
  • the tendency for people to evaluate their own actions, abilities, and beliefs by contrasting them with other people’s
  • downard comparisons - make us feel good but doesn’t provide a learning experience
  • upward comparions - make us feel bad but provides an opportunity for growth
46
Q

sociometer

A
  • an internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection
  • self-esteem serves as a sociometer
47
Q

Temperaments

A
  • biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways
  • genes affect biological processes that create differences in personality
48
Q

The Big Five (five-factor theory)

OCEAN

A
  • 5 basic personality traits
  • continuum from low to high for each one
  • each trait is made up of smaller, more specific traits (facets)

O - Openness to experience
C - Conscientiousness
E - Extraversion
A - Agreeableness
N - Neuroticism

49
Q

Trait approaches to studying personality

A
  • focus on how individuals differ in personality dispositions (ex sociability, cheerfulness, aggressiveness)
50
Q

What are facets and why are they good

A
  • smaller, more specific traits that make up the big five
  • because they are specific, they are better at predicting behaviour
51
Q

What are some key differences between personality traits and temperaments?

A
  • personality traits may be altered by life experiences
  • temperaments represent innate biological structures of personality and are much more stable
52
Q

What did Eysenck say personality traits are based on?

A
  • biological processes that produce behaviours, thoughts, and emotions
  • ex: difference in arousal produce behavioural differences between extraverts and introverts
53
Q

Which brain region is involved in social anxiety?

A

amygdala
- involved in emotional responses, especially fear

54
Q

working self-concept

A
  • the part of self-concept that is available during immediate experience
  • ex. most aware of characteristics that differenciate them from other people depending on the situation
55
Q

Strong situations

A
  • tend to mask personality differences (ex. lots of people, don’t really stand out)
56
Q

Weak situations

A
  • bring out personality differences (ex. place where you can stand out)
57
Q

What are some difficulties in studying personality across cultures?

(4)

A
  • language translation (may not mean the same thing after translation)
  • some traits may be culturally specific
  • sampling problems (ex. using international students - are they truly representative?)
  • theres more variability within a culture than there is between cultures
58
Q

culture

what are response styles and how do they make it difficult to study personality across cultures?

(2)

A
  • response styles: characteristic ways of responding to questions
  • in some cultures, itis bad form to appear to be boastful (underestimating on questionnaires)
59
Q

assessing personality

Objective measures

A
  • relatively direct assessments of personality
  • relies on self reports which has it’s own set of problems
60
Q

what brain region allows us to make trait judgments about ourselves and others?

A

prefrontal cortex
- one area for ourselves, one for other people

61
Q

maintaining a positive sense of self

better than average effect

A
  • people tend to rank themselves as above average
62
Q

interdependent social construals

A

self-concept determined externally (social roles, relationships, etc.)

63
Q

independent social construals

A

self-concept determines internally (self reliance, personal success, etc.)

PSYCH 102 (8 decks)

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