Study guide_CNAF

Question 1

Deviation from CNAF/Tactical Environment

Answer 1

In the tactical environment, military exigency may require on-site deviations from instructions/procedures contained here. The existing risk of deviation must continually be weighed against the benefit of deviating from this manual. Deviation from specified flight and operating instructions is authorized in emergency situations when, in the judgment of the pilot in command, safety justifies such a deviation.

Question 2

Naval aircraft shall be operated in accordance with applicable provisions of FAR, Part 91, except:

Answer 2

1. Where this manual prescribes more stringent requirements. 2. Where exemptions or authorizations issued to the Department of the Navy/DOD permit deviation from FAR.

Question 3

FAR Exemptions

Answer 3

These are the ones that, in my judgment, are relevant to helos: 1. VFR cruising altitude deviation for drug interdiction ops. You can only deviate to the extent necessary to obtain positive ID of a suspect aircraft and maintain visual contact with that aircraft, provided the aircraft has a dedicated on-board observer to watch for other air traffic and a mode C transponder 2. Alternate airport requirements. Alternate airport requirements and alternate airport weather criteria for clearance of flights to be conducted under IFR are specified in CNAF. 3. IFR Cruising Altitude. Exemption from the altitudes to be maintained in uncontrolled airspace has been granted to the extent necessary to conduct military training route training 4. (Aircraft lighting) An exemption has been granted to DOD aircraft engaged in drug interdiction flights provided the aircraft has a dedicatred on-board observer plus an additional resource capable of detecting all aircraft operating in the vicinity of the DOD aircraft.

Question 4

“Shall”

Answer 4

“Shall” is used only when application of a procedure is mandatory

Question 5

“Should”

Answer 5

“Should” is used only when application of a procedure is recommended.

Question 6

“May”

Answer 6

“May” and “need not” are used only when application of a procedure is optional.

Question 7

Emergency and Humanitarian Operations 3-1

Answer 7

Naval aircraft operations are authorized in emergencies such as forest fire, search, rescue, major calamities, and for humanitarian reasons involving life-threatening circumstances. Notification of operation shall be made to CNO or CMC, as appropriate, and teh responsible local commander, but without delaying action when time is an essential factor. Squadron commanders and officers in charge will operate under the direction of assigned Joint Task Force commanders per Combatant Commander policy/guidance.

Question 8

Civilian Law Enforcement Officials (LEO) 3-2

Answer 8

Embarkation of civilian LEOs is authorized for helicopters. Authority to approve flights for LEO personnel and responsibility for establishing operational procedures is delegated to COMNAVAIRLANT (for us) Note: LEO personnel authorized in accordance with this paragraph should comply with aeromedical and survival training requirements set forth in paragraph 8.4 of this instruction when time and facilities permit.

Question 9

Nonessential Flights 3-2

Answer 9

The use of aircraft for nonessential flights shall not be authorized. Any flight open to misinterpretation by the public shall be avoided. Examples of flights that are considered nonessential are as follows: 1. Flights of a routine business nature for which commercial or other military transportation could be more economically substituted. 2. Flights for any officer or group of officers, the sole purpose of which is the convenience and/or prestige of the officer concerned and not the performance of official duties or accomplishment of bona fide training. 3. Repeated flights to the hometown area of flight personnel concerned. 4. Flights coinciding with major sports events or civic celebrations. BOHS

Question 10

Taxiing a Navy Helicopter 3-4

Answer 10

No one shall be permitted to taxi a helicopter except those persons who are authorized to fly helicopters.

Question 11

Civilian Personnel

Answer 11

DOD civilian employees, and contractors to DOD are authorized as flightcrew when required in conjunction with assigned duties or contractual responsibilities.

For CONUS based operations, the TYCOM (CNAP/CNAL) is the approval authority for active duty units.

DOD Civilian personnel authorized in accordance with this paragraph shall comply with the aeromedical and survival training requirements set forth in paragraph 8.4 of this instruction.

Question 12

Orientation Flights 3-5

Answer 12

ONES(S) then BAMF Orientation flights are typically one-time events for selected participants in a particular model aircraft. Orientation flight status shall not be used to circumvent normal training requirements for individuals required to fly multiple flights in naval aircraft. Orientation flights for midshipmen participating in official training programs are an exception and may involve multiple flights. Additionally, orientation flights are stand-alone events, specifically authorized, sanctioned and planned to accomplish the purposes listed in paragraph 3.3.1, subparagraph 2. Sanctioned air transport flights — those authorized expressly for the purposes of providing point-to-point transportation and lift for personnel — are different events per OPNAVINST 4630.25, and are not typically scheduled in conjunction with orientation flights.

Individuals are selected to participate in orientation flights for one of the following purposes:

a. To familiarize them with an aircraft, its operation, capabilities, requirements, concept of employment, or limitations.
b. To familiarize them with a base complex from the air for official purposes other than merely sightseeing or goodwill.
c. To allow FAA personnel to perform official functions that require their infrequent embarkation on naval aircraft.
d. To perform other military duties not assigned to the flight crew.

Question 13

For the purposes of clarification, personnel selected for orientation flights are to be considered “______________.”

Answer 13

orientees, defined differently than passengers

Question 14

All orientation flights shall be conducted _____________ and terminate ___________. Flights outside the local flying area may be approved if the specific mission cannot be accomplished within the local flying area.

Answer 14

within the local flying area, at the point of origin

Question 15

Except for flights with FAA personnel, orientation flights shall be performed only __________. Exceptions for midshipmen training will be granted by COMNAVAIRFOR/CMC.

Answer 15

during daylight and with weather minimums equal to or better than VFR.

Question 16

For orientation flights, __________ shall not be performed unless required for a specific purpose and authorized by the ________ of the aircraft to be used.

Answer 16

formation flying, controlling custodian

Question 17

Individuals occupying a seat with flight controls during orientation flights are permitted to fly the aircraft during ________ as determined by the PIC, in accordance with command policy.

Answer 17

non-critical phases of flight

Question 18

Flight demo/static exhibits

Answer 18

Participation: not encouraged in flight demonstrations (except in exceptional and carefully considered cases), encouraged in static displays within the limits of available resources.

Approval authority: for active duty CONUS units it is TYCOM (CNAP/CNAL)

Further guidelines are laid out in ch. 3.

Question 19

Pilot in Command 3-12

Answer 19

Pilot in command refers to the pilot of an individual aircraft. The pilot in command is responsible for the safe, orderly flight of the aircraft and well-being of the crew. The pilot in command may also be the mission commander or formation leader when so designated. Pilot in command should not be confused with the various qualifications defined in Chapter 12. If there is no NATOPS manual for a particular model aircraft or if an existing manual fails to set forth specific initial qualifications and currency requirements, a pilot shall not be designated as pilot in command unless the pilot has made at least two takeoffs and landings and logged 5 hours of pilot time in the same model aircraft within the preceding 90 days. Also, lacking NATOPS guidance for a specific aircraft, 10 hours first pilot time in model is required for initial qualification. Pilots meeting the criteria may be considered qualified in model and phase and are then eligible for designation as pilot in command. In the absence of direct orders from higher authority cognizant of the mission, responsibility for starting or continuing a mission with respect to weather or any other condition affecting the safety of the aircraft rests with the pilot in command. The authority and responsibility of the pilot in command shall not be transferred during flight. It shall not be transferred to another individual except as required by emergency, operational necessity, or as directed by the commanding officer of the unit to which the aircraft is attached. The authority and responsibility of a pilot in command is independent of rank or seniority in relation to other persons participating in the mission or flight except for the following.

Question 20

OTC Embarked 3-12

Answer 20

Wing, group, or squadron commander, if embarked on a mission involving aircraft of their command, retains full authority and responsibility regarding command, including the mission in which participating.

Question 21

Mission Commander

Answer 21

The mission commander shall be a properly qualified naval aviator or NFO designated by appropriate authority. The mission commander may exercise command over single naval aircraft or formations of naval aircraft. The mission commander shall be responsible for all phases of the assigned mission except those aspects of safety of flight that are related to the physical control of the aircraft and fall within the prerogatives of the pilot in command. Mission commander qualifications shall be outlined in appropriate NATOPS manuals. The mission commander shall direct a coordinated plan of action and be responsible for effectiveness of the mission.

Question 22

Flag or General Officer Embarked 3-12

Answer 22

The pilot in command of an aircraft with a flag or general officer eligible for command at sea or in the field embarked as a passenger shall be subject to the orders of such flag or general officer in accordance with U.S. Navy Regulations. When such an embarked passenger exercises authority to command the aircraft, that passenger thereby assumes full responsibility for the safe and orderly conduct of the flight. The embarked passenger shall give due consideration to the judgment of the pilot in command regarding items of flight safety such as hazardous weather and aircraft/crew limitations. Flying rule violations, accident reports, and any other actions arising out of the flight will be referred to the embarked passenger as the responsible commander of the aircraft. Note: The provisions of paragraphs 3.7.1.1 and 3.7.1.2 shall not be used to circumvent normal NATOPS qualification procedures if the officer desires to physically pilot the aircraft. Flights that require a NATOPS-qualified crew shall not be physically piloted by any individual not so qualified; however, the flight may be directed by an officer in tactical command embarked who is not NATOPS qualified.

Question 23

Embarkation of Passengers paragraph 1 3-9

Answer 23

No person shall be enplaned as a passenger nor shall any cargo be embarked on a naval aircraft unless authorization has been granted by competent authority in accordance with applicable directives. Reporting custodians for helicopter units may authorize personnel to be embarked as passengers onboard their aircraft. No person shall be carried in a taxiing aircraft as a passenger unless such person is authorized to fly in it or has been authorized by competent authority to be embarked therein.

Question 24

Embarkation of Passengers paragraph 4

Answer 24

Helicopter passenger overwater flights at night are authorized subject to the following restrictions (SMS): a. Ship launches and recoveries shall be made during daylight hours. This constraint may be waived by the Strike Group Commander, Amphibious Squadron Commander, Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Commander or Officer in Tactical Command in cases of operational necessity. b. In cases of Medical Evacuations (MEDEVAC), a qualified medical attendant who is current in approved water survival training, and has been properly briefed on emergency egress procedures for that aircraft, may be transferred at night with approval from the ship’s CO. c. This does not preclude troop movement in support of amphibious exercises, VBSS level III operations, or SPECOPS training and operational missions.

Question 25

Embarkation of Passengers paragraph 5

Answer 25

The pilots in command/mission commanders of a naval aircraft (while absent from home) may authorize air transportation for personnel and/or equipment not otherwise qualified for Government air transportation (i.e. civilian physicians, paramedic teams, sheriff department personnel, park rangers, search dogs, medical equipment, etc.) when required for the successful prospection of a search and rescue, medical evacuation, or disaster relief mission. This authority shall only be exercised when all practical means of obtaining authorization from competent authority in accordance with applicable directives have proven unsuccessful or unavailable. Appropriate authority shall be notified of such air transportation as soon as practicable.

Question 26

CRM- 7 Skills

Answer 26

1. Decision making 2. Assertiveness 3. Mission Analysis 4. Communication 5. Leadership 6. Adaptability/flexibility 7. Situational awareness

Question 27

5 Step ORM Process

Answer 27

a. Identify Hazards b. Assess Hazards c. Make Risk Decisions d. Implement Controls e. Supervise

Question 28

Three levels of ORM based upon time and assets available

Answer 28

a. Time-critical b. Deliberate c. In-depth

Question 29

Four Principles of ORM

Answer 29

a. Accept risk when benefits outweigh the costs b. Accept no unnecessary risk c. Anticipate and manage risk by planning d. Make risk decisions at the right level

Question 30

FCF Crew Composition 3-15

Answer 30

Functional checkflights shall be conducted with the minimum crew required for safe flight. All personnel shall be NATOPS qualified, passengers shall not be carried, PIC designated in writing by CO as FCP for either a full-system check or the partial system(s) to be checked.

Question 31

FCF Weather Criteria 3-16

Answer 31

Functional checkflights should be conducted during daylight hours within the local flying area in VMC. If necessary to accomplish the assigned mission, unit commanders may authorize checkflights under conditions other than the above if in their opinion the flight can be conducted with an acceptable margin of safety under the existing conditions. The authority shall not be delegated. Those portions of the flights that are considered critical shall be conducted in the vicinity of a suitable landing area.

Question 32

Intent

Answer 32

Lack of intent does not in itself constitute absence of culpability. One can be so grossly negligent as to equate omission with commission. The question is whether the pilot in command or the formation leader could reasonably have been expected to avoid the violation.

Question 33

Reporting and Recording of Deviations and Violations of Flying Regulations and Mishap Information 3-16

Answer 33

Generally, commanders or commanding officers will receive notification of an alleged deviation by a member of their command. Reports of alleged violations received from the FAA will be forwarded to CNO and will be processed as a major infraction.

Question 34

Reports of Investigations of Violations of Flying Regulations Responsibility, Procedures, Intent

Answer 34

The responsibility to conduct the investigation into an alleged flight violation belongs to the immediate superior in the chain of command of the individual involved. Each fact must be supported by testimony, documentary, or real evidence. Statements of the pilots concerned should be included along with maintenance action forms, flight schedules, and other documentary evidence. Lack of intent does not in itself constitute absence of culpability. One can be so grossly negligent as to equate omission with commission. The question is whether the PIC or formation leader could reasonably have been expected to avoid the violation.

Question 35

The authority to issue a flight violation lies solely with _______.

Answer 35

Chief of Naval Operations

Question 36

Cross Country Flight requirements to be approved by CO 3-18

Answer 36

Commanding officers must ensure that these flights contribute to the mission of the command and the naval service, achieve training requirements, and can be completed safely. Commanders/commanding officers shall ensure a thorough risk assessment has been onducted for the proposed cross-country flight. NRS- naval service, training requirements, completed safely

Question 37

Nonstandard Operation 3-19

Answer 37

A non-standard operation is defined as when an urgent requirement exists to fly a short-notice mission in support of a humanitarian, contingency, MEDEVAC, special access or state department requirement. Commanders exercising operational control of aircraft operating in support of nonstandard operations are responsible for mission risk assessment and therefore may waive the requirement for a TERPS review of Non-USG instrument procedure.

Question 38

One (ASAP) report per flight shall be completed. It is the responsibility of __________ to ensure this requirement is met. For formation flights, _________ is sufficient if no event occurred. For cross-country or multiple leg flights, at least one report at the completion of the mission is required. If events occurred on multiple legs, _________________.

Answer 38

PIC/Mission Commander, one report per section/division is sufficient, individual ASAP reports should be completed for each of those events

Question 39

Flight authorization

Answer 39

Naval aircraft shall not be flown by any person unless authorized by the reporting custodian or other commander exercising operational control over the aircraft concerned . All flights shall be in the national interest with fleet readiness receiving the highest priority. Efficient utilization of aircraft and available funds is the responsibility of the reporting custodian.

4.1.1

Question 40

Flight Crew Requirements (4.1.3)

Prior to authorizing flight in naval aircraft, commanders shall ensure that the person designated as PIC is ______________.

Answer 40

in all respects qualified for flight in model and that minimum flight crew requirements are met.

Question 41

Aircraft commander shall be designated for the following missions:

4.2.1

Answer 41

OATTp

1. Operational/ tactical missions
2. Administrative missions
3. Training flights, except those that are within the capabilities of pilots of lower classification and which, in the opinion of the commanding officer, are best suited to teach such pilots self-reliance and command responsibilities
4. Flights in which the transport of passengers is involved.

Question 42

Insufficient NATOPS Guidance 4.2.2

Where individual NATOPS manual guidance is lacking, the minimum flightcrew requirements for multipiloted aircraft are as follows:

Answer 42

1. A pilot in command possessing a valid instrument rating designated in accordance with paragraph 3.7
2. A copilot qualified to perform all the assist functions required for the flight conditions and mission. If passengers are embarked, the copilot shall be qualified in model.
3. Other flightcrew as necessary for the safe conduct of flight.

PCS= PIC, copilot, safe conduct

Question 43

Rescue Helicopters Operating Over Water 4.2.5

Answer 43

Any naval helicopter that is assigned the primary mission to operate as a rescue vehicle over water shall have as a member of its crew one aircrewman who is completely outfitted for water entry and has completed an approved CNO/CMC rescue swimmers school.

Note: Where SAR/plane guard is briefed as a primary mission, or when it becomes the primary mission, the rescue air crewman shall be prepared for immediate water entry.

Question 44

Requirement to be qualified as HAC 12.3.2.2

The NATOPS manual shall establish the designation for the particular model, and an individual shall:

Answer 44

1. Have completed teh requirements for and possess to an advanced degree the knowledge, proficiency, and capabilities of a second pilot.
2. Have a minimum of 500 total flight hours.
3. Have 150 flight hours in rotary-wing aircraft.
4. Have pilot hours in class and model required by the commanding officer or higher authority and demonstrate the proficiency and judgment required to ensure teh successful accomplishment of all tasks of the unit mission.
5. Demonstrate ability to command and train the officer and enlisted members of the flightcrew.
6. Demonstrate the qualities of leadership required to conduct advanced base or detached unit operations as officer in charge when such duty is required as part of the units mission or method of operation.

Question 45

Min. Crew

Question 46

Preflight Planning

Answer 46

Before commencing a flight, the PIC shall be familiar with all available information appropriate to the intended operation. Such information should include but is not limited to…

1. Any anticipated traffic delays
2. PIC shall conduct a risk assessment
3. Alternates available if the flight cannot be completed as planned.
4. Fuel requirements
5. TFRs
6. Terminal instrument procedures
7. NOTAMS
8. Weather reports

Question 47

Authorized Airfields

Answer 47

1. Naval aircraft are authorized to operate at and land at all U.S. military and joint civil-military airfields.

When planning to operate at other than home airfields, local training airfields or OLFs, PICs shall ensure that they are aware of and meeting airfield operating requirements and, when necessary, have satisfied PPR requirements.

PPRs need not be obtained for planned alternate fields or emergency diverts.

2. When returning to the US from abroad, PICs shall ensure that they will be able to satisfy US Customs Service clearance requirements at their point of entry airfield.

Question 48

Civilian Airfields

Answer 48

Naval aircraft are permitted to operate at civilian airfields listed in the DoD Enroute Supp when such operations contribute to mission accomplishment, add value to training, or are otherwise in the interests of the government and taxpayer.

Question 49

RON at Civilian Airfields

Answer 49

Civilian airfields shall not be used for RON unless required for mission accomplishment. In such cases, approval by the appropriate Wing/Group Commander is required. RON is authorized if required for aircraft maintenance or following an emergency divert.

Question 50

Landing at other than airfields

Answer 50

Helos are authorized to land at other than airfields provided:

1. A military requirements exists for such landing
2. Adequate safeguards are taken to permit safe landing and takeoff procedures without hazard to people or property.
3. There are no legal objections to landing at such nonairfield sites.

Question 51

Landing outside of published hours

Answer 51

1. CO of airfields are authorized to extend airfield operating hours beyond those published in the digital airport/facility directry without opening the control tower
2. Naval aircraft are permitted to operate from a closed control tower airfield when both the aircraft reporting custodian and the CO of the airfield have specifically authorized such ops.
3. Naval aircraft are permitted to operate from a closed control tower airfield without the crash crew being present with concurrence of the reporting custodian and the CO of the airfield.

Question 52

Closed Airfield Ops

Answer 52

All naval aircraft are prohibited from taking off or landing at closed airfields except in the case of an emergency.

Question 53

When is a flight plan not required

Answer 53

1. Flights of op necessity
2. Student training flights under the cognizance of CNATRA conducted within auth. training areas. CNATRA shall institue measures to provide adequate flight following service.

Question 54

Submission of the Flight Plan

Answer 54

Except when a daily flight schedule is used in lieu of a flight plan form, the PIC/formation leaders shall submit a flight plan for their flight. For multipiloted aircraft, the PIC/formation leader may choose to delegate this responsibility to a NATOPS qualified pilot/NFO. Regardless, the PIC is responsible for:

1. The PIC/ each PIC in formation flight possesses a valid INST rating if any portion of the flight is to be conducted under IMC or in positive control areas or positive control route segments.
2. Adequate flight planning data, including NOTAM service, was available for complete and accurate planning.
3. Passengers have been properly briefed and manifested.
4. The flight will be conducted in accordance with governing directives and adherance to criteria for fuel requirements and weather mins.
5. Proper weight and balance forms, if applicable, have been filed.
6. The PIC acknowledges responisibility for the safe and orderly conduct of the flight.
7. The flight has been properly authorized.
8. Each pilot in a formation flight has received the required flight route and weather briefing.

Question 55

Daily Flight Schedule

Answer 55

A signature by the reporting custodian or other appropriate authority on the daily flight schedule, when used in lieu of a flight plan form, signifies that preceding items (submission of flight plan) shall be ensured prior to flight.

Question 56

Flight Plan Approval

Answer 56

The PIC of a naval aircraft or formation leaders are authorized to approve the flight plan for their proposed flight or modification thereof.

Question 57

DD-175-1

Answer 57

Valid for 3.0 hours or ETD plus half an hour. Whenever possible, naval aviators shall request a DD-175-1 flight route weather briefing at least 1 hour prior to proposed brief time to allow sufficient time for brief preparation.

Question 58

Weather Criteria for Filing

Answer 58

Flight plans shall be filed based on all the following:

1. The actual weather atthe point of departure at the time of clearance.
2. The existing and forecast weather for the entire route of flight.
3. Destination and alternate forecasts for a period 1 hour before ETA until 1 hour after ETA.

Question 59

IFR Flight Plan Filing

Answer 59

Regardless of weather, IFR flight plans shall be filed and flown whenever practicable as a means of reducing midair collision potential.

Question 60

Alternate Airfield Requirement

Answer 60

An alternate airfield is required when the weather at the destination is forecsat to be less than 3000 foot ceiling and 3-statute-mile visibility during the period 1 hour before ETA until 1 hour after ETA.

Note: If an alternate airfield is required, it shall have a published approach compatible with installed operable aircraft navigation equipment that can be flown without the use of two-way radio communication whenever either one of the following conditions is met:

1. The destination lacks the above described approach
2. The forecasted weather at the alternate is below 3000/3 during the period 1 hour before and 1 hour after ETA

Question 61

Alternate Wx Mins

Answer 61

1. Destination 0-0 up to but not including published mins. Alternate wx needs to be 3000/3 or better
2. Destination weather is published mins up to but not including 3000/3. Alternate wx for non-precision is published mins plus 300/1. Alternae wx for precision is published mins plus 200-1/2.
3. Destination weather 3000/3 or better. No alternate required.

Question 62

Min. fuel requirements

Answer 62

1. If alternate is not required, fuel to fly from takeoff to destination airfield, plus a reserve of 10 percent of planned fuel requirements.
2. If alternate is required, fuel to fly from takeoff to the approach fix serving destination and thence to an alternate airfield, pluis a reserve of 10 percent of planned fuel requirements.
3. In no case shall the planned fuel reserve after final landing at destination or alternate airfield,m if one is required, be less than that needed for 20 minutes of flight, computed for turbine powered helicopters based on fuel consumption at planned altitude.

Question 63

Wx Watch

Answer 63

Except for operational necessity, emergencies, and flights involving all-weather research projects or weather reconaissance, pilots shall not file into or through areas for which the Storm Prediction Center has issued a WW unless one of the following exceptions apply:

1. Storm development has not progressed as forecast. Operating at a Naval/Dod installation- local installation/wing commanders determine whether the storm has not progressed as forecast based on forecaster or FSS verification., At other than naval/DoD installations, DoD forecaster or FSS needs to verify it has not progressed as forecast. In either situation:
   a. VFR filing is permitted if existing and forecast weather for the planned route permits such flights.
   b. IFR flight may be permitted if aircraft radar can detect isolated T-storms
   c. IFR flight is permissible in controlled airspace if VMC can be maintained.
2. Performance characteristics of the aircraft permit flight above the severe storms.

Question 64

Closing of Flight Plan

Answer 64

It is the responsibility of the PIC/formation leader to ensure thath the proper agency is notified of flight termination.

Question 65

Position Lights

Answer 65

Standard position lights shall be displayed during the period 30 minutes before official sunset until 30 minutes after official sunrise or at any time when the prevailing visibility as seen from the cockpit is less than 3 statute miles. During these conditions, the shall be displayed:

1. Immediately before engine start and anytime the engine(s) is running.
2. When the aircraft is being towed unless the aircraft is otherwise illuminated.
3. When an aircraft is parked and likely to cause a hazard unless the aircraft is otherwise illuminated or marked with obstruction lights.

Question 66

Anti-Collision Lights

Answer 66

Anti-collision lights shall be used immediately before engine start and at all times when the aircraft engine(s) is in operation, except when the use of such lights adversely affects ground operations.

They may be turned off during flights through clouds when the rotating light reflects into the cockpit.

Question 67

_______ should be utilized for all taxi movements ashore during the hours of darkness unless a taxi signalman is directing the aircraft.

Answer 67

Landing/taxi lights

Question 68

Unusual Maneuvers in B/C/D

Answer 68

Pilots shall not perform or request clearance to perform unusual maneuvers within class B,C, or D airspace if such maneuvers are not essential to the performance of the flight. (examples include low passes, unscheduled fly-bys, climbs at very steep angles, practice approaches below mins if not landing, or any so-called flat hatting wherein a flight is conducted at a low altitude and or high rate of speed for thrill purposes.)

Question 69

Class B VFR Mins

Answer 69

3sm clear of clouds

Question 70

Class C VFR mins

Answer 70

3sm

500’ below 1000’ above 2000’ horizontal

Question 71

Class D VFR mins

Answer 71

3sm

500’ below 1000’ above 2000’ horizontal

Question 72

Class E VFR mins

Answer 72

Less than 10,000’ MSL: 3sm 500 below/1000 above/2000 horizontal

At or above 10,000’ MSL: 5sm 1000 below/1000 above/1sm horizontal

Question 73

Class G VFR mins

Answer 73

1200’ or less above the surface (regardless of MSL altitude): day 1sm clear of clouds; night 3sm 500below/1000above/2000horizontal

More than 1200’ above the surface but less than 10,000’ MSL: day 1sm 500below/1000above/2000horizontal; night 3sm 500/1000/2000

More than 1200’ above the surface and at or above 10,000’ MSL: 5sm 1000below/1000above/1sm horizontal

Question 74

See and Avoid

Answer 74

Additional precautions include:

1. Electronic equipment such as airborne radar should be used where feasible
2. Where available, radar advisory service shall be requested especially when VFR flight is required through high-density traffic areas

Question 75

Weather Conditions precluding VFR flight

Answer 75

When weather conditions encountered en route preclude compliance with VFR, the PIC shall take appropraite action as follows to:

1. Alter route of flight so as to continue under VFR conditions
2. Remain in VFR conditions until a change of flight plan is filed and IFR clearance obtained
3. Remain in VFR conditions and land at a suitable alternate

Question 76

Instrument Navigation Packet

Answer 76

1. Appropriate FLIPs
2. Navigation computer
3. Navigation flight log forms
4. Appropriate aeronautical charts

Question 77

Takeoff Mins

Answer 77

Special instrument rating- no takeoff ceiling or visibility minimums apply. Takeoff shall depend on the judgment of the pilot and urgency of flights. Note: only an aircraft commander with a special instrument rating, who is also on the flight controls, is authorized to make departures from an airfield when weather conditions are below minimums

Standard- Published mins for the available non-precision approach, but not less than 300-1. When a precision approach compatible with installed and operable aircraft equipment is available, takeoff is authorized provided the weather is at least equal to the precision approahc mins for the landing runway in use, but in no case when the weather is less than 200-1/2

Question 78

Inst Approach and Landing Mins

Answer 78

Helos and tiltrotor required visibility minimum may be reduced to one-half the published visibility minimum for category A aircraft, but in no case may it be reduced to less than one-fourth mile or 1200 ft RVR. Reducing Category A visibility recognizes the unique maneuvering capability of the helicopter and is based on airspeeds not exceeding 90 kias on final approach. Published approach ceiling minima shall not be reduced. Copter ceiling and visibility minima shall not be reduced.

Note: determination that existing weather/visibility is adequate for approach/landing is the responsibility of the pilot.

Question 79

Approach Criteria for Multipiloted Aircraft (below mins)

Answer 79

When reported weather is at or below published landing minimums for the approach to be conducted, an approach shall not be commenced in multipiloted aircraft unless the aircraft has the capability to proceed to a suitable alternate in the event of a missed approach.

Question 80

Criteria for Continuing Approach to Land

Answer 80

Pilots shall not descend below the prescribed MDA or DH unless they have the runway environment in sight and in their judgment a safe landing can be executed, either straight-in or from a circling approach, whichever is specified in their clearance.

Question 81

Runway Environment Definition (FARAIM)

Answer 81

(i) The approach light system, except that the pilot may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also distinctly visible and identifiable.
(ii) The threshold.
(iii) The threshold markings.
(iv) The threshold lights.
(v) The runway end identifier lights.
(vi) The visual approach slope indicator.
(vii) The touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings.
(viii) The touchdown zone lights.
(ix) The runway or runway markings.
(x) The runway lights.

Question 82

Final Approach Abnormalities During Radar Approaches

Answer 82

The controller shall issue instructions to execute a missed approach or climb to and maintain a specific altitude and course whenever the completion of a safe approach is questionable because one or more of the following conditions exist:

1. Safe limits are exceeded or radical aircraft deviations are observed.
2. Position or identification of the aircraft is in doubt,
3. Field conditions, conflicting traffic, or other UNSAFE conditions observed from the tower prevent approach completion.
4. Radar contact is lost or a malfunctioning radar is suspected.

Missed approach is optional for all but unsafe conditions, which is mandatory.

Question 83

Tower Clearance

Answer 83

While operating within class B, C, D airspace, either tower frequency or an appropraite control frequency shall be monitored at all times.

Question 84

Autorotations

Answer 84

Practice autorotations shall be conducted within the limits of the field boundary over a surface upon which a full autorotation can be safely completed and that is readily accessible to crash, rescue, and firefighting equipment. Practice autorotations shall require the specific approval of the tower.

Question 85

Helo Altitude in B, C, D airspace

Answer 85

Where no other guidance is provided, pilots of helicopters shall not exceed 500 ft AGL unless specifically cleared by the tower or other control agency. Pilots shall avoid flying over areas at altitudes where their rotor wash could result in damage to aircraft, properrt or personnel.

Question 86

Ground Operations

Answer 86

Air taxi/ground operations shall be conducted with sufficient horizontal separation to preclude damage to aircraft, property, or personnel. Pilots shall operate with the minimum required power while on the ground and shall be particularly alert to prevent FOD and/or gust damage to their own and other aircraft.

Question 87

Helo Terrain Flights

Answer 87

Terrain flights shall be conducted only as operational necessity dictates, in training scenarios executed within designated training areas, or as published procedures and clearances prescribe.

Question 88

Helo Night Hover Operation Over Water

Answer 88

Night/low viz hover ops over water shall be conducted using aircraft equipped with operable automatic hover systems on all occasions when a natural horizon visible from the cockpit is not available to assist the pilot in establishing/maintaining a stable hover.

Question 89

Helicopter Operations

Answer 89

All aircrew shall remain inside the aircraft cabin during all flight regimes unless deemed by the aircraft commander to be operationally necessary for safety of flight or missiobn accomplishment. Any acts conducted for thrill purposes are strictly prohibited.

Question 90

Noise Sensitive Areas

Answer 90

These areas shall be avoided when at altitudes of less than 3000 feet AGL except when in compliance with an approved:

1. Traffic or approach pattern
2. VR/IR route
3. Special use airspace

Question 91

External Stores/Cargo

Answer 91

Pilots carrying external stores/cargo shall avoid overflying populated areas whenever possible.

Question 92

Flat Hatting

Answer 92

Flat hatting or any maneuvers conducted at low altitude and/or high rate of speed for thrill purposed over land or water are prohibited. Any acts conducted for thrill purposes are strictly prohibited.

Question 93

Disturbance of Wildlife

Answer 93

Commanding officers of aviation units shall take steps to prevent aircraft from frightening wild fowl or driving them from their feeding grounds. When necessary to fly over them, an altitude of at least 3000 feet shall be maintained.

Question 94

Jettisoning Fuel

Answer 94

Whenever practicable, fuel shall not be jettisoned (dumped) below an altitude of 6000 feet above the terrain. Should weather or emergency conditions dictate jettisoning fuel at a lower altitude, every effort shall be made to avoid populated areas. When under positive control, the PIC should advise the ATC facility that fuel will be jettisoned.

Question 95

Emergency Jettisoning of External Stores in the Clouds

Answer 95

Nothing precludes emergency jettisoning of external stores through extensive cloud cover; pilots are directly responsible for their actions and must take every possible precaution to minimize danger to other aircraft and persons/property on the surface.

Question 96

Req’d readback for taxi clearance

Answer 96

Pilots shall read back all hold/hold short instructions received during taxi.

Question 97

ATC Response to Min Fuel

Answer 97

Pilots declaring minimum fuel should not expect special handling from controllers.

Question 98

Emergency Fuel

Answer 98

Any time the remaining usable fuel supply suggests the need for traffic priority to ensure a safe landing, the pilot shall declare an emergency and report fuel remaining in minutes.

Question 99

Conduct of Flight

Answer 99

Pilots shall conduct their flights in such a manner so as to avoid all unacceptable risks as determined by the following ORM process. Each pilot must exercise prudent judgment and take proper action (including modifying NATOPS procedures) whenndictated by emergencies that endanger life or property. It is the responsibility of the pilot/crew to aviate, navigate, communicate in that priority, throughout all aspects of both routine and unusual circumstances.

The aircraft commander shall ensure that a current NATOPS flight manual and/or NATOPS pocket checklist is carried onboard aircraft and readily available during ground and flight operations. If digital flight manual equivalent is utilized, paper back-up shall be available.

Question 100

Liferafts 7-1

Answer 100

On overwater flights the number of persons in an aircraft shall not exceed capacity of the liferafts carried except as dictated by operational necessity.

Question 101

Conduct of Passengers

Answer 101

Passengers embarked in transport aircraft shall remain in its passenger compartments and shall not enter the pilot or crew compartments except on specific invitation of the aircraft pilot in command.

Question 102

Operation of Battery Powered Devices

Answer 102

Crew/passengers shall not operate electronic equipment/battery powered devices such as radios, tape players, razors, calculators, etc. without approval of the PIC while the aircraft is in flight. Cellular telephones shall not be operated in naval aircraft while airborne.

Question 103

General pre-start precautions for helos

Answer 103

When the engine of a helicopter is started, the controls should be manned by a qualified helo pilot.

Question 104

Tobacco in Aircraft

Answer 104

1. The use of tobacco products or electronic cigarettes in naval aircraft is prohibited.
2. Light prohibition. Lighters with plastic liquid reservoirs and/or containers for refilling any lighter are prohibited in naval aircraft. Lighters with butane, propane, or methyl alcohol as a fuel are also prohibited.

Question 105

Seat Belts and Shoulder Harnesses

Answer 105

Safety belt and shoulder harnesses shall be worn and tightened prior to takeoff and shall be worn until completion of the flight except when necessary activities require temporary removal.

Intertial reels, where provided, shall be locked for all takeoffs and landings.

The number of persons over 2 years of age embarked in a naval aircraft shall be restricted to the number of adequate seats and belts.

Cabin seating requirements for helos may be eliminated when operational environment or configuration/load requirements dictate for the accomplishment of essential training and operations with the following guidelines:

1. If mission profile requires removal of seats/seatbelts/restrains for one part of the mission, then passengers will, if possible, use seats/seatbelts/restraints for all other phases of the mission.
2. When seats are removed, passengers will be restrained by an appropriate alternate means.
3. Applies to dedicated lifesaving efforts, including humanitarian and SAR operations.
4. Not to be used for routine operational training or personnel transfers. Applies only when tactical or procedural requirements exist for a specific mission or exercise.
5. Applies to SPECOPS training and missions.

Question 106

Antiexposure suits

Answer 106

For Pilots: Final determination with regard to actual wearing of antiexposure suits shall be made by the CO. Antiexposure suits shall be provided for flight personnel of naval aircraft when in the event of a mishap there would be a significant risk of water entry and when eithe rof the following two conditions prevail:

a. Water temp is 50 degrees F or below
b. The OAT is 32 degrees F or below (based on wind chill factor corrected temperature)

Note: The threat of lethal cold shock is very significant under these conditions and occurs within the first two to three minutes following immersion

Note: Rescue swimmers shall not be deployed unless equipped with antiexposure protection when water temp is 60 degrees F or below and/or wind chill factor corrected at 32 degrees F or below

Question 107

Liferafts 8-7

Answer 107

Liferafts of sufficient capacity to accommodate passengers and crew shall be provided in all aircraft whent here would be a significant risk of water entry in the event of a mishap. Officers in tactical command may waive this provision durin troop movements between sea and shore when they deem it appropriate and adequate SAR resources are available. Waiver decision will be based on ORM analysis.

Question 108

Passenger survival gear

Answer 108

Passengers shall wear appropriate anti-exposure protection whenever antiexposure suits are required for aircrew. Competent authority is authorized to waive this requirement based on an ORM analysis, which considers rescue distance, expected rescue times, personal health factors, and other pertinent aircraft egress factors.

Question 109

Unpressurized A/C Chart

Answer 109

Above 10,000’, oxygen shall be used by the entire crew. Occupants have a 3 hour limit. For helos, mission essential flights above 10,000’ shall not exceed one hour and altitude shall not exceed 13,000,’ if oxygen systems are not utilized.

Question 110

Sailor and Crew Rest for Flight Crew

Answer 110

Sailor and crew rest is the non-duty time before a duty day, watch, or flight period begins. It includes free time for meals, transportation, rest and shall include an opportunity for eight hours of uninterrupted sleep for every 24-hour period. Sailor and crew rest does not begin until after termination of official duties and is required prior to reporting for duty, to assume watch, and preflight prparations. Sailors and flight crew shall not be scheduled for continuous watch, duty, alert, and/or flight duty (required awake) in excess of 18 hours.. If it becomes operationally necessary to break the 18-hour rule, 15 hours continuous off-duty time shall be provided prior to scheduling the member for any duties. Sailor and crew rest can be reduced to less than 12 hours in order to maintain a 24-hour work/rest schedule, but a shortened sailor or crew rest period shall always include an opportunity for eight hours or uninterrupted sleep.

Question 111

Sailor/crew rest note

Answer 111

If continuous awake duty time exceeds 16 hours, performance efficiency begins to drop. After 18 hours, performance efficiency rapidly declines to 75 percent effectiveness or less. The loss of effectiveness is manifested by lapses in attention, slower reaction time, slowed information processing, decreased vigilance, and increased error frequency.

Accident rates for just about every type of human activity increase after 18 horus of wakefulness, particularly during the night “circadian trough” when sleep would normally occur.

Question 112

Flight time mins/max

Answer 112

Max recommended flight time for multi-piloted non-pressurized aircraft:

1 day: 12 hours

7 days: 50 hours

30 days: 100 hours

90 days: 265 hours

365 days: 960 hours

Question 113

Nutritional Supps

Answer 113

Use of nutritional/dietary and other over the counter supps/products by flight personnel are prohibited, except those approved by BUMED.

The use of nutritional supps of all types shall be reported to the FS or APA and recorded during every periodic physical examination or PHA.

Question 114

Prescription Drugs

Answer 114

Taking perscription drugs from competent medical authority shall be considered sufficient cause for recommendation of grounding unless their use is specifically approved by a FS.

Question 115

OTC Drugs

Answer 115

Use of over-the-counter drugs by flight personnel is prohibited unless specifically approved by a FS.

Ground support personnel shall be briefed on the hazards of self-medication and should be discouraged from using such drugs.

Question 116

Alcohol

Answer 116

Consumption of any type of alcohol is prohibited within 12 hours of any mission brief or flight planning. In addition to abstaining from alcohol for 12 hours prior to mission brief or flight planning, flightcrews shall ensure that they are free of hangover effects prior to flight.

Question 117

Tobacco

Answer 117

Smoking has been shown to impair night vision, dark adaptation, and increase susceptibility to hypoxia.

Question 118

Caffein

Answer 118

Caffein intake of 450mg per day (3-4 cups of drip coffee) is the recommended max intake. Caffeine use when managed appropriately, can aid in maximizing performance during long sorties or periods of sustaine doperaitons, however, the caffeine effect is maximized in individuals who are not habituated to its effects as regular users.

Question 119

Dental Care

Answer 119

Dental procedures that involve the use of local injectable drugs (novacain) shall be cause for grounding for a period of 12 hours. Use of intravenous sedatives shall require grounding for 24 hours.

Question 120

Pregnancy

Answer 120

Pregnancy is considered disqualifying for flying duties. Aircrew members who are confirmed pregnant are grounded. A waiver may be requested to continue flying duties while pregnant. Clearance will only be valid up to the third trimester, and the member cannot take place in NASTP or other survival programs.

Question 121

Immunizations

Answer 121

Flight personnel shall not participate in flight duties for 12 hours after receiving an immunization or injection unless cleared sooner by a FS or APA.

Question 122

Blood Donation

Answer 122

1. Flight personnel may donate blood occasionally. The minimum interval for all donors shall be 4 months.
2. Flight personnel in combat, flying in a shipboard environment, or flying operational missions shall not donate blood within 4 weeks prior to such flying.
3. Flight personnel shall not participate in flight duties or perform low-pressure chamber runs for 4 days following donation of 1 pint of blood.
4. If subject to flying duties within 4 days of a blood donation, an aviator must obtain command approval prior to donating.

Question 123

Corrective Lenses for Vision

Answer 123

Corrective lenses or soft contacts shall be worn as presribed. The requirement to wear corrective lenses will be annotated on DD 2992.

Question 124

Security of Aircraft Away From Base

Answer 124

When it is necessary to leave an aircraft on a field, airport, beach, body of water, or other area where military or naval personnel cannot take custody of the aircraft, the PIC shall take proper measures to ensure teh safety of the aircraft and any classified equipment.

When naval aircraft operating in company have landed away from home base, the senior naval aviator/NFO shall be responsible for all of the aircraft as if a detached unit operation were being conducted under his/her cognizance.

Question 125

Aircraft Fuel Purchase

Answer 125

Navy and Marine Corps flight personnel are not authorized to purchase aircraft fuel/oil from other than military or government contract sources except when one of the following apply:

1. Mission requirements dictated stopping ata a facility without military or contract fuel sources.
2. The flight terminated as the result of an emergency.
3. The flight terminated at an alternate airport in lieu of filed destination.

Question 126

Noise Abatement

Answer 126

Aircraft noise creates a major public relations problem. All commands shall review their operating practices on a continuing basis with a view toward minimizing this nuisance to the public. CNO should be informed of complaints that are considered serious by the CO.

Question 127

Retention of Master Flight Files

Answer 127

Master flight file binders will be accumulated and stored in chronological sequence in annual calendar year record blocks and retained by the reporting custodian for a period of three years.

Question 128

Flying in a Leave Status

Answer 128

Individual flight time acquired in a leave status may be used to fulfill the minimum annual and semiannual flying requirements.

Question 129

Minimum Flying Hours

Answer 129

Pilot time: 40 semiannual, 100 annual

Night time: 6 semiannual, 12 annual

Instrument time: 6 semiannual, 12 annual

At least 50% of all the annual minimum pilot requirements must be gained through flying. Of that, 50% must be first pilot time.

Question 130

Helicopter Aircraft Commander Requirements

Answer 130

1. Have completed the requirements for and possess to an advanced degree the knowledge, proficiency, and capabilities of a second pilot.
2. Have a minimum of 500 total flight hours.
3. Have 150 flight hours in rotary-wing aircraft.
4. Have pilot hours in class and model required by the commanding officer or higher authority and demonstrate the proficiency and judgment required to ensure the successful accomplishment of all tasks of the unit mission.
5. Demonstrate ability to command and train the officers and enlisted members of the flightcrew.
6. Demonstrate the qualities of leadership required to conduct advanced base or detached unit operations as officer in charge when such duty is required as part of the units mission or method of operation.

Question 131

Standard Inst Rating Requirements

Answer 131

Within 6 months preceding the date of the instrument evaluation flight obtain:

a. six hours as pilot under actual or simulated instrument conditions.
b. Twelve final approaches under actual or simulated instrument conditions, six of which shall be precision approaches and six of which shall be nonprecision.

Within 12 months preceding the date of the instrument evaluation obtain:

a. Twelve hours as pilot under actual or simulated instrument conditions.
b. A total of 18 final approaches under actual or simulated instrument conditions, 12 of which shall be precision and six of which shall be nonprecision.

Approved flight simulators listed in Appendix K may be utilized to meet on-half of the minimum instrument rating requirments.

Question 132

Special inst rating requirements

Answer 132

1. 5 years military and nonmilitary flying exp
2. 2000 hours
3. 100 hours actual military inst time
4. Or special circumstance for pilot with 3 years flying exp., 1500 hours and demonstrates exceptional judgment and proficiency in instrument flying procedures.