SAR (in progress) Flashcards
Helicopters create ____that must be discharged by grounding the hoist on the surface prior to commencing a pickup. The surface in the immediate vicinity of a crash may be covered with fuel. Avoid discharging static charge or _____ in that zone.
static electricity
deploying smoke markers
If a parachute remains in the area of the survivor, maintain a minimum of ________ separation between parachute canopy and rotor downwash.
1 rotor diameter
Swimmer shall not be required to enter the water to effect the recovery of________.
inanimate objects
There shall be a hoist operator in the cabin if______.
a swimmer is deployed
If the hoist is damaged, can you attempt to hoist personnel?
no, you shall not
The red phosphorous composition in the _______ produces smoke, which is highly caustic to the moist tissues of the nose and throat. Do not _______.
Mk 25. Mk58
breathe this smoke
The ____ shall not be launhed while in a hover, because of _______ possible striking aircraft or personnel
Mk 25
valve plug
While operating in salt spray environment for any period of time, a TGT rise of _____ or more for constant torque is an indication of _________. A TGT rise of greater than ____ for a constant torque is an indiation of engine performance degradation that may result in _____.
20 degrees C
engine performance degradation and possible salt encrustation
40 degrees C
compressor stall(s)
The Mk 58 marine marker is activated by ____
seawater entering the battery cavity
Warning: Swimmer and survivor on the hoist may oscillate underneath aircraft during recovery, which may result in _______ disengagement. Any aggressive collective inputs to stop descent/ascent rate may cause______
RADALT hold
injury to personnel on the hoist
Aircraft should not fly at a low altitude over a burning _______ marker. Ignition of ______ can be forceful, with flame occasionally ejecting up to _____.
Mk 58
second candle
50 feet
Dedicated SAR in an ASW configured aircraft equipped with ALFS is _______
not recommended.
Rescuing multiple survivors is ______ if SAR MEDEVAC litter use is required
not possible
Note: In sea states of _______, it is recommended that the swimmer deploy on the hoist.
three or above (Douglas Sea State)
Rescue via _______ is recommended in situations where sea states or proximity to obstacles prohibit the swimmer from safely approaching the survivor.
direct deployment
Warning: The acceleration cue on the hover display may _________ following any significant aircraft attitude change or a shift in relative winds. _______ may lead to vertigo and loss of situational awareness.
provide inaccurate or misleading information
abrupt control movements
Note: Prolonged overwater hover with little to no headwind shall be avoided due to _____
engine salt ingestion
With ________, NVD aircrews may maneuver the aircraft into the wind without use of the Windline Recue Pattern in order to maintain sight of survivor.
a visible horizon
When the water temperature is below _____, a dry suit ensemble is required. When temperatures are ____ to ____, a dry suit ensemble is worn at the CO’s discretion. Above _____ it is not required.
60 degrees F
60 to 70 degrees F
70 degrees F
The rescue hoist is hydraulically powered by the_____.
Backup pump
When the backup pump is supplying pressure to the #2 tail rotor servo, the ______ may secure hydraulic pressure to the rescue hoist due to low system pressure
priority valve
Breeze Eastern speed
0 to 215 fpm
Lucas Western speed
0 to 250 fpm
The hoist contains _____ feet of usable cable, a _____ type cable cutter, and an automatic _______.
200, guillotine, cable brake
The first and last ____ feet of the cable are bright orange to warn of end approach. The hoist hoo is attached to the cable end by a ______.
20, ball-bearing swivel
Power to the rescue hoist is provided by the ______. Backup (emergency) hoist operation is powered by the ______ .
No. 2 DC Primary Bus,
No. 1 DC Primary Bus
The primary method of hoist operation is through the _____ or ______. The secondary operation is through the _______.
aircrewman pendant or hover trim grip,
RSQ HOIST CTRL switch on the upper console
The RSQ HOIST CTRL switch can control the hoist in either direction at a fixed speed of _____.
100fpm
The backup method exists only from the cabin, and operates in either direction at a speed of _____.
85fpm
Whenever the hoist is being raised or lowered at a speed exceeding _____, it will automatically decelerate to _____ approximately ____ from the full-up position or ____ from the full-down position. These limit switches are inoperative when the BACKUP CONTROL HOIST switch is operating the hoist.
50 fpm, 50fpm, 10 feet, 5 feet
The CAD cable cutter may be fired by either pilot using the _______. Power to operate the cable shear is provided through the _____.
EMER REL button, dc essential
The MK 25 is designed to be launched or thrown from aircraft or surface vessels to provide either day or night reference points to the position of survivors. It has a ____ burning time.
10- to 20-minute
Warning: The MK 25 shall not be launched while in a hover because of the ______ possibly striking the aircraft or personnel.
valve plug
Note: Both the ____ and ____ of the MK 25 should be kept until marker is deployed. If marker is not deployed, resafe the marker
protective cap and arming cap
The MK 58 is designed for night or day use in any condition calling for __________. This flare can be launched by hand.
a long burning (at least 45 minutes) smoke reference point on the ocean surface.
5 Stages of SAR
Awareness Initial Action Planning Operations Mission Completion
Datum
The most probable location of the search object, corrected for movement over time
Coverage factor
A measure of search effectiveness or quality
C= Sweep width (W)/ Track Spacing (S)
Probability of Detection
the probability that the search object will be detected PROVIDED it is in the area searched
The rescue swimmer shall enter the water and assist the survivors in all cases except when _______
the a/c commander determines that the circumstances will unnecessarily endanger the swimmer. Factors to be considered include sea state, debris in water, sea predators, or fire on the water.
All comms between SMC, OSC, SRU will be on ______, with secondary freq. ______ monitored at all times
- 8
243. 0
SAR capable
The aircraft is fully manned for SAR and is mission capable in accordance with 3-50. One of the crewmen must be capable of water entry.
SAR assist
The flight crew is not comprised of the minimum flight crew for accepting a SAR mission in accordance with 3-50, but can perform duties limited ti activities such as search and OSC
SAR negative
The flight crew is not comprised of the mnimum flight crew for accepting a SAR mission in accordance with 3-50 and unable to accept tasking for any aspect of SAR missions
On Scene Commander
Generally the first search unit to arrive on scene or the unit with best capability
Search brief from the Sar Mission Commander or OSC shall include:
size, color, # of survivors, survival equipment, Wx conditions at the scene
The crew should consider recovery or short-hauling the RS between multiple survivors if the following conditions exist:
- Sea state greater than 2
- Night/IMC
- More than 25 yds between survivors
The _________ is the primary rescue device used in all rescue operations and is always used in conjunction with other devices for recovering survivors and transferring personnel.
Rescue hook
5 Ways to Effect a SAR Overland
- Landing to effect a rescue
- Rescue via one or two wheels- requires op necessity
- Rescue via hoist
- Rappelling
- Direct Deployment
LRRRD
Rescue Bag Nomenclature
BGU-8
Life Raft Nomenclature
LRU-1
LPU Nomenclature
LPU-3
Swimmer ____ enter the water and assist the survivor on all rescues, except when the PIC determines…
Factors to be considered include:
Shall, when the PIC determines that circumstances will unnecessarily expose the swimmer to danger
Factors to be considered include sea state, debris in water, sea predators, or fire on the water.
Rescue via direct deployment is recommended in situations where_____ or ______.
Sea states or proximity to obstacles prohibit the swimmer from safely approaching the survivor
DD procedures shall not be used if______ (3-50)
The survivor still has parachute attached
RS shall be deployed via the hoist during all ______________. (3-50)
Night/IMC/ low vis operations, if any other hazards exist in the vicinity, and/or at the discretion of the HAC.
DD was developed as a tool for:
3-50
Use in extreme situations such as: rescues in the surf zone, heavy seas, high winds, ice, etc.
DD always refers to:
3-50
RS wearing a Tri-SAR harness in conjunction with a quick strop assembly. RS never unhooks from the rescue hook for the duration of the entire rescue.
The decision to use DD procedures on a survivor with a known or suspected ____, _____, ______, or _____ injury should only be exercised when use of traditional survivor recovery procedure would________.
Head, neck, spinal or other severe injury.
Place the lives of the RS and/or survivor at greater risk
DD ____ not be used on aviators who have ______ and _____ not be used on aviators ________. (3-50_
Should, ejected, shall, still entangled in parachute
“Crew Rig for Rescue” PEPDD (3-50)
- Prepare smoke markers
- Ensure rescue hook is armed and operational
- Prepare rescue equipment as needed
- Don heavy duty hoist gloves
- Open the cabin door
When recovering a hypothermic or potentially hypothermic survivor, the ______ is an expedient alternative to the ______.
Double lift method of DD, rescue/ MEDEVAC litter
DD Double Lift Method (hypothermic survivor)
The standard rescue strop is used in conjunction with the QS to hoist the survivor in a semisupine position.
4 ways naval SAR units may become involved in a SAR: “VAINS”
- As a vessel or A/C in distress
- As a unit responding independently to persons/property in distress
- As part of an organized SAR force under the direction of the Regional SAR Coordinator
- As a unit of a Naval Task Force, unit, or element under the direction of the OTC
Jax SAR OPAREA (3130.1F)
NAS Jax, Mayport, Whitehouse, Camp Blanding, Rodman, Pinecastle, W-157/158/159 to 100 mi radius overwater
PRI SAR (3130.1F)
USCG Air Station in Clearwater, FL and Savannah, GA
Only _____ patients should be flown onto civilian hospital landing pads (3130.1F)
Life threatening MEDEVA patients
Transporting remains of a deceased accident victim is _______ without clearance from ______ and ________… For deployed units, _____ or _____ may authorize recovery of human remains.
SMC and CO of the search and rescue unit.
OIC or higher echelon commanders
Right of Assistance Entry (Law of Sea)
All ships and aircraft commanders have an obligation to assist those in danger of being lost at sea. This long-recognized duty permits assistance entry into airspace above the territorial sea by A/C without permission of the coastal nation to render emergency assistance to those in danger or distress at sea. This right applies only when the location of the danger or distress is reasonably well known. It does not apply to entering the airspace over the territorial sea to conduct a search, which requires consent of the coastal state.
Rescue Strop (3-50)
Primarily used on non-aviator/civilian survivors, and allows the RS and survivor to be hoisted at the same time
Uncooperative survivor (3-50)
Panicked: desires to be rescued, but is in an uncomfortable or unfamiliar environment, and is so frightened of drowning that they could pose a danger to the RS and themselves.
Can be calmed down by RS by verbal assurance and flotation device
Combative Survivor
Combative survivor may not initially desire to be rescued, and may actively resist assistance from the RS. The combative survivor may intentionally try to harm the RS and/or themselves when approached. This type of behavior can continue indefinitely, even after repeated attempts by the RS to provide assurance and recovery. Indications that a survivor might be combative are:
a. Prior mentally unstable behavior, suicide attempt, voluntarily jumping into the water.
b. Suspected or known enemy, foreign personnel demonstrating hostility toward Americans, or suspicious personnel aboard vessels being detained.
Warning: RSs ____ not be deployed into the water to recover enemy or hostile survivors armed with weapons. (3-50)
Shall
Helicopter recovery of an enemy or hostile survivor should only be used under conditions of ___________.
Operational necessity
A single RS should not attempt the recovery of a combative survivor without assistance from__________.
A rescue boat and/or a second RS
Life raft deployment
Helo life rafts are not intended for use by helicopter crew and passengers. Not designed for SAR ops. 10/10 or 15/0
The following will be met for a survivor to be considered safe: (IAMSAR Vol. 2)
- Survivor is breathing and has no life threatening injuries
- Survivor is wearing flotation or is in an operable life raft
- Survivor is completely free of entanglement and not attached to parachute
- If at night, the RS should attach a light device to the survivor
Night/ IMC open ocean swimmer deployment is permitted ________ (3130.6E)
Only during actual SAR/ mission essential ops
Day/VMC open ocean RS deployment/training is permitted for_________. _______ must be in close proximity.
Proficiency and qualification. CVN or mom shall be in close proximity.
Day/VMC or night/IMC protected waters is permitted for _______ (3130.6E)
Proficiency/qualification. Protected waters= harbors, bays, lakes, large rivers and beaches w/ jetties which provide protection from high seas, high winds, swift waters)
Safety standards for day/VMC open ocean and day/night VMC protected waters RS deployment shall include: (3130.6E)
- Safety boat
- Sea state of 2 or less
- Ceiling/ vis at least 500/1
MK-25 Burn Time
NATIP: 13.5-18.5 mins
3-50: 10-20 mins
MK 58 Burn time
NATIP: 40-60 mins yellow flame, white smoke
3-50: at least 45 mins
MK 58 mod 0 is for training use only. MK 58 mod 1 is operational.
Except in an emergency, smoke markers shall not be dropped____________, unless on a ______ or _______. (SOP)
Closer than 10NM from the coastline or in inland waterways, designated range or dip area
Smoke markers that cannot be ______ shall be jettisoned outside of ______ from the coastline and prior to returning to home base and/or final landing. (SOP)
De-armed, 10NM
Minimum Required SAR Equipment (DROOOC STOTT BLASTBO?)
- Rescue hook
- One rescue strop
- One QSR
- One hoist quick splice plate
- One cable grip with its own crewman’s safety belt
- One rescue hand tool (manual webbing/cable cutter)
- Crewman’s safety belts: minimum of three
- Six general-purpose, and six high-intensity chemical lights
- Three chemical light straps
- One pair of heavy-duty hoisting gloves
- Three additional cranial assemblies
- Two wool blankets
- One helicopter rescue equipment bag
- One trail line assembly
- One rescue litter sling assembly (two pieces)
- One Level A SAR medical kit
- One rescue litter or SAR MEDEVAC litter assembly
- One Level B medical kit (SAR corpsmen use only)
- One SAR medical oxygen system (SAR corpsmen use only).
Additional req’d SAR equipment for overwater:
Note: ____ MK 58 smoke flares may be substituted for items 1&2.
- Two MK-58 smoke flares
- Four MK 25 smoke flares
- Three electrical marine marker lights
- One electronic datum-marking device (when available)
- Three LPU-32/P life preservers
- One MPLR weak link per MPLR carried.
6 MK 58 smoke flares may be substituted for items 1&2
Hydrostatic Squeeze
As it applies to hypothermia, hydrostatic squeeze is the constriction of the respiratory system. The severe cold disables the body’s ability to take in oxygen. The added stress to the body of being hoisted by the rescue strop allows gravity to take what blood has been pooled in the chest and head and disperse it into the extremities. This can/will send the survivor into respiratory and/or cardiac arrest. Consideration should be given to utilizing a method of recovery maintaining a horizontal or near horizontal survivor position.
After Drop
Cold blood from the extremities (arms and legs) gets suddenly reintroduced to the body’s core, and drops the body’s core temperature below the level needed to sustain life.
Hypothermia Recovery phase—The survivor should be recovered using ________. Use of the ________ or ________ is also acceptable. It is important to keep the hypothermic survivor quiet and immobilized due to the fragile state of their cardiac and respiratory systems. Hoisting from the water in a ________ position reduces the aggravation of shock caused when the effect of water pressure is removed (hydrostatic squeeze).
The rescue basket, rescue/MEDEVAC litter or DD double lift, horizontal
Rescue Harness Equipment
- Strobe light
- Pocket shroud cutter/ J-knife
- Swimmer’s knife
- Four chemical lights- 2 high intensity, 2 general purpse
- Two Mk-124 flares
- Whistle (surface RSs only)
- HABD/SEA holster (aviation RSs only) (Shall not deploy into the water with HABD, removal of holster is optional)
AED Use (3-50, 7-5)
Automated External Defibrilator is not authorized for use in naval aircraft.
Raft Bag Contents
5 Life Rafts, 3 Matrix Lights, 1 Level A Med Kit
Quick Splice Limitations
Warning
The hoist quick splice plate may not engage the rescue hoist upper limit switch. Separation of the quick splice/ rescue hoist cable is possible when the hoist quick splice plate assembly reaches teh upper limit switch of the rescue hoist. The rescue hoist shall not be fully raised when using the hoist quick splice plate.
Note
A properly rigged quick splice plate will not affect (degrade) rescue hoist weight limitations
Surface Vessel MEDEVAC Procedures
There are two standard hoisting methods that can be utilized. These methods consist of the plumb hover and the trail line procedure. The ship should ascertain from the helicopter crew the rescue device to be used and method of transfer to be employed, and stand by accordingly.
Over water helicopter rescue from a rescue boat
The helicopter maintains a 5-10 kt forward air taxi, where teh rescue boat takes a 4 o clock position relative to the helo hoist operator. While matching the speed of the helo, the boat operator then maneuvers under the helicopter as the basket/litter is lowered. With a buffering wash of over 100 mph, the rescue boat crew uses the lowering rescue device as a reference point while going through the curtain of turbulence. The basket/litter is static discharged, then pulled into the boat where the transfer of the victim takes place.
Distress Call
The unit receiving the distress call should follow these basic guidelines:
- Get all information possible from the distressed party including type, size, and color of craft; nature of emergency; number of persons involved; location; local weather; and sea state (if applicable)
- Don’t switch frequencies. Use other radios if available to alert SAR units and coordinate search. Continue to talk to party until rescue is accomplished.
Coast Guard Datum Buoys
The Coast Guard routinely deploys DMBs at search datum to assist with sea current/ drift calculations. The DMB emits an audio signal for an extended period on the following frequencies: 240.6, 242.65, 248.0, 275.1
SAR Condition I
The aircraft shall be spotted for immediate launch. It shall be headed into the relative wind with rotor blades spread, starting equipment plugged in, and a landing signal enlisted (LSE), starting crewman, plane captain, and required plane handlers standing by. Unless otherwise directed, at least four tie-downs shall be attached to the aircraft. The flight crew shall be ready for launch in all respects, with all personal equipment attached and adjusted as in flight. When the air officer passes word to stand by to launch the Condition I helicopter(s), engines shall be started without further instructions; however, rotor engagement and launch shall be positively controlled by the tower.
SAR Condition II
The same conditions apply as for Condition I, except that flight crews shall stand by in the ready rooms or in other such suitable locations.
SAR Condition III
Main rotor blades may be folded and the aircraft need not be in position for immediate launch; however, it must be parked so as to allow direct access to a suitable launch spot. A tow bar shall be attached to the aircraft and a specific LSE, tractor driver, handling crew, and starting crewman shall be designated and assigned to each helicopter. These personnel must be thoroughly briefed so that when the order is given to prepare launch, the aircraft can be safely and expeditiously moved into position and readied for launch. Flight crews should be briefed for the launch and be standing by at a designated location.
SAR Condition IV
This is similar to Condition III except that minor maintenance may be performed on the aircraft if no delay in launch is involved.
Safing the Survivor
During the course of a rescue, the RS may determine that there is a need to physically disengage from a survivor prior to completing the rescue/recovery of that survivor into the SRU. Once RS begins disentanglement/recovery procedures on a survivor, the RS shall not physically disengage from that survivor unless that survivor has been “safed.” Some examples of situations where the RS may decide to “safe” and disengage from a survivor prior to completion of the recovery are:
- There are mixed survivors such as mishap helicopter aircrew and passengers/troops.
- The RS needs to recover and inflate life rafts/flotation devices deployed by the SRU.
- The medical or survival equipment condition of another survivor suddenly degrades to a point in which that survivor needs immediate assistance.
The following conditions shall be met before the survivor is considered “safe”:
- The survivor is breathing and has no apparent, immediate, life-threatening injuries
- The survivor is wearing operable flotation, or is in an operable life raft.
- The survivor is completely free of entanglement, and not attached to a parachute.
- If at night, the RS should attach a lighting device to survivor (strobe light, chem light, etc.)
Listed below are some conditions that would preclude the RS from disengaging from a survivor prior to rescue completion. This list is not all-inclusive:
- If rescuing the survivor would be quicker than safing them.
- If the survivor has apparent, immediate, life-threatening injuries (not breathing, or bleeding severely, etc.)
- Environmental concerns such as sea predators, heavy seas, temperature, restricted visibility, etc.
Hoisting vest
The hoisting vest is not a device to be used for water rescues; it can be used for overland rescue and shipboard transfer of personnel, provided flotation devices are provided.
Short Haul
Note: During transit, it is recommended that the personnel on the rescue hoist be no higher than 30ft AGL, and airspeed be no faster than safe single engine airspeed.
Loss sight of swimmer
Note: In the event of loss of visual contact with the RS and/or survivor, the HAC shall cycle the flood/hover light. The RS and/or survivor shall illuminate the strobe light or Mk 124 Mod 0 flare to aid in reestablishing visual contact.
OSC Responsibilities (ARMPM) (National SAR Plan)
- Assume OPCON of SAR facilities on scene
- Receive and implement search action plan (SAP)
- Modify SAP based on prevailing conditions. Keep SMC advised of any changes to the plan
- Provide relevant info to the other SAR facilities
- Monitor performance of other search units
IAMSAR Vol II Check-in Report
C/S, Nationality, Type A/C, Pos, Alt, Altimeter, ETA, Endurance, Remarks, Persons on board
Which litter can be used in all aircraft configurations?
SAR/MEDEVAC; however, in the ASW configuration, no seats are available.
Which configurations can the Stokes litter be used in?
SAR/MEDEVAC or Logistics/VERTREP, it does not fit in the cabin in the SUW or ASW configuration.
Life Flight Frequency
123.025
UF Shands Helo Pad Frequency
123.05
Maritime 16 Frequency
156.8
High intensity chem light duration and color
30 mins/yellow
General purpose chemlights duration and color
6 hours green
Life Flight Frequency
123.025
UF Shands Helo Pad Frequency
123.05
Maritime 16 Frequency
156.8
High intensity chem light duration and color
30 mins/yellow
General purpose chemlights duration and color
6 hours green
Life Flight Frequency
123.025
UF Shands Helo Pad Frequency
123.05
Maritime 16 Frequency
156.8
High intensity chem light duration and color
30 mins/yellow
General purpose chemlights duration and color
6 hours green
Life Flight Frequency
123.025
UF Shands Helo Pad Frequency
123.05
Maritime 16 Frequency
156.8
High intensity chem light duration and color
30 mins/yellow
General purpose chemlights duration and color
6 hours green
Life Flight Frequency
123.025
UF Shands Helo Pad Frequency
123.05
Maritime 16 Frequency
156.8
High intensity chem light duration and color
30 mins/yellow
General purpose chemlights duration and color
6 hours green
