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Bio 151 > Study Guide Unit 1 > Flashcards

Study Guide Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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2
Q

What are the major functions of the blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, protection

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3
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of blood.

A

pH: 7.35-7.45, viscosity: thicker than water, volume: 5-6 liters in adults, color: bright red when oxygenated, dark red when deoxygenated

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4
Q

Distinguish between blood plasma and formed elements.

A

Blood plasma: liquid component; Formed elements: cellular components (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

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5
Q

Identify the major components of blood plasma.

A

Nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)

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6
Q

Categorize the formed elements of the blood.

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), thrombocytes (platelets)

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7
Q

Define hemopoiesis.

A

The formation of blood cells

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8
Q

What are the types of stem cells involved in hemopoiesis?

A
  • Pluripotent stem cells
  • Myeloid stem cells
  • Lymphoid stem cells
  • Progenitor cells
  • Precursor cells
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9
Q

Describe the anatomy of red blood cells (RBCs).

A

Biconcave disc shape, no nucleus, flexible membrane

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10
Q

What is the primary role of hemoglobin in RBCs?

A

Oxygen transport

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11
Q

Discuss the structure of hemoglobin.

A

Comprised of four polypeptide chains, each with a heme group that binds oxygen

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12
Q

What are the breakdown products of hemoglobin?

A
  • Transferrin
  • Ferritin
  • Bilirubin
  • Urobilinogen
  • Stercobilin
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13
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The developmental formation of RBCs from a myeloid stem cell.

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14
Q

List the stages of erythropoiesis.

A
  • Proerythroblast
  • Reticulocyte
  • Mature erythrocyte
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15
Q

How is RBC formation regulated by negative feedback?

A

Hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) release, promoting RBC formation.

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16
Q

Define anemia.

A

A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.

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17
Q

Name five different types of anemia and their medical causes.

A
  • Iron-deficiency anemia: Lack of iron
  • Aplastic anemia: Bone marrow failure
  • Hemolytic anemia: Destruction of RBCs
  • Sickle cell anemia: Genetic mutation
  • Pernicious anemia: Vitamin B12 deficiency
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18
Q

Describe the developmental formation of leukocytes.

A

Leukocytes develop from myeloid and lymphoid stem cell lines.

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19
Q

What distinguishes granular leukocytes from agranular leukocytes?

A

Granular leukocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm, while agranular leukocytes do not.

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20
Q

List the cell types of granular leukocytes.

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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21
Q

List the cell types of agranular leukocytes.

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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22
Q

What are the functions of WBCs?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Immune responses
  • Chemotaxis
  • Emigration (diapedesis)
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23
Q

Briefly discuss the specific functions associated with each type of WBC.

A

Neutrophils: Phagocytosis; Lymphocytes: Immune response; Monocytes: Phagocytosis; Eosinophils: Allergic responses; Basophils: Histamine release.

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24
Q

What tests are included in a complete blood count?

A

RBC, WBC, and platelet counts.

25
What are normal test result values for RBC, WBC, and platelet counts?
RBC: 4.5-5.9 million/microliter, WBC: 4,500-11,000/microliter, Platelets: 150,000-450,000/microliter.
26
How do platelets differ structurally and functionally from other formed elements?
Platelets are cell fragments involved in hemostasis, unlike whole cells like RBCs and WBCs.
27
What is the purpose of bone marrow transplants?
To replace damaged or diseased bone marrow to restore blood cell production.
28
What are the benefits of cord-blood transplants?
Less risk of rejection and availability of stem cells for treatment.
29
List the three primary mechanisms involved in hemostasis.
* Vascular spasm * Platelet plug formation * Coagulation
30
Describe the three stages involved in platelet plug formation.
* Adhesion * Activation * Aggregation
31
What roles do ADP, thromboxane A2, and serotonin play in hemostasis?
ADP: Promotes platelet aggregation; Thromboxane A2: Vasoconstriction and platelet activation; Serotonin: Enhances vascular spasm.
32
Describe the three major stages in the blood-clotting process.
* Vascular spasm * Formation of a platelet plug * Coagulation cascade leading to fibrin formation
33
What are the two pathways of blood clotting?
Intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway ## Footnote The intrinsic pathway is activated by damage to the blood vessel, while the extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue factor (TF) released from damaged tissues.
34
What is the common pathway in the blood-clotting process?
Involves prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin ## Footnote Prothrombin is converted to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a stable clot.
35
What is clot retraction?
The process where the clot contracts and pulls the edges of the wound together ## Footnote This mechanism helps to reduce the size of the wound and aids in healing.
36
What role does vitamin K play in the clotting process?
Essential for the synthesis of clotting factors ## Footnote Vitamin K is crucial for the production of several proteins required for blood coagulation.
37
What are hemostatic control mechanisms?
Regulatory processes that maintain blood fluidity and prevent excessive bleeding ## Footnote Key components include fibrinolysis, plasminogen, plasmin, anticoagulants, heparin, antithrombin, and warfarin (Coumadin).
38
Define intravascular clotting.
Formation of a clot within a blood vessel ## Footnote A thrombus is a stationary clot, while an embolus is a clot that has detached and travels through the bloodstream.
39
What is the difference between blood groups and blood types?
Blood groups are classifications based on the presence of specific antigens, while blood types are subcategories within these groups ## Footnote For example, the ABO blood group has types A, B, AB, and O.
40
What are surface antigens on RBCs?
Molecules that determine blood groups ## Footnote These antigens can trigger immune responses if transfused improperly.
41
List the antigens and antibodies present in each ABO blood type.
A: A antigen, anti-B antibody; B: B antigen, anti-A antibody; AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies; O: no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies ## Footnote This compatibility is crucial for safe blood transfusions.
42
What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood types ## Footnote Agglutination and hemolysis occur when maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells.
43
Describe the major function of the heart.
Pumps blood throughout the body ## Footnote This function delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products.
44
Where is the heart located?
In the mediastinum ## Footnote The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.
45
What are the components compared between a cardiomyocyte and a skeletal muscle fiber?
Cell shape and dimensions, nuclei, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubule, contractile proteins, intercalated discs.
46
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
47
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
48
What is the difference between atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves?
Location, structure, and function.
49
How do the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles function in relation to AV valves?
They help control AV valve function.
50
Label the following heart structures on a diagram: aortic valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve, chordae tendineae.
Aortic valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve, chordae tendineae.
51
What is the significance of variations in myocardial thickness?
It relates to the functional demands on different heart chambers.
52
Trace the pathway blood follows as it flows through the heart.
From systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation.
53
What is coronary circulation?
The flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.
54
What are the major vessels involved in coronary (cardiac) circulation?
Coronary arteries and cardiac veins.
55
What are the components of the heart's conduction system?
Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers.
56
What are the types of heart block?
Degree heart block, flutter, and fibrillation.
57
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for initiating the heartbeat.
Sinoatrial (SA) node.
58
True or False: The left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle.
True.

Bio 151 (7 decks)

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