Blood Flashcards
1
Q
What are the main components of blood?
A
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
2
Q
True or False: Red blood cells contain a nucleus.
A
False.
3
Q
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
A
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues.
4
Q
Fill in the blank: The average lifespan of a red blood cell is approximately ______ days.
A
120
5
Q
What type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting bacterial infections?
A
Neutrophils.
6
Q
What are platelets also known as?
A
Thrombocytes.
7
Q
True or False: Plasma makes up about 55% of total blood volume.
A
True.
8
Q
Which component of blood is responsible for blood clotting?
A
Platelets.
9
Q
What is the main protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen?
A
Hemoglobin.
10
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell? A) Lymphocyte B) Erythrocyte C) Monocyte
A
B) Erythrocyte.
11
Q
What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune system?
A
To produce antibodies and destroy infected cells.
12
Q
Fill in the blank: The process of blood cell formation is called ______.
A
Hematopoiesis.
13
Q
True or False: White blood cells are larger than red blood cells.
A
True.
14
Q
What is the function of plasma proteins?
A
To maintain osmotic pressure, transport substances, and aid in blood clotting.
15
Q
Multiple Choice: Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the immune response? A) Red blood cells B) Plasma C) White blood cells
A
C) White blood cells.
16
Q
What are the two main types of white blood cells?
A
Granulocytes and agranulocytes.
17
Q
Fill in the blank: The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells is called ______.
A
Erythropoietin.
18
Q
True or False: Platelets are produced in the bone marrow.
A
True.
19
Q
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes red blood cells from other blood cells?
A
The absence of a nucleus.
20
Q
Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions? A) Basophils B) Neutrophils C) Monocytes
A
A) Basophils.
21
Q
What is the primary component of plasma?
A
Water.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: The percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells is known as ______.
A
Hematocrit.
23
Q
True or False: The primary function of red blood cells is to fight infections.
A
False.
24
Q
What type of blood cell is primarily involved in the clotting process?
A
Platelets.
25
Multiple Choice: Which white blood cell is known for its role in chronic inflammation and tissue repair? A) Eosinophils B) Lymphocytes C) Monocytes
C) Monocytes.
26
Fill in the blank: The main function of white blood cells is to ______.
Protect the body against infections.
27
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
28
True or False: White blood cells are primarily responsible for oxygen transport.
False
29
What are the two main types of white blood cells?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes.
30
Fill in the blank: The protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells is called ______.
hemoglobin
31
What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?
About 120 days.
32
What is the primary role of neutrophils?
To fight infections by ingesting bacteria and fungi.
33
Multiple Choice: Which type of blood cell is involved in the immune response? A) Red blood cells B) White blood cells C) Platelets
B) White blood cells
34
What is the main component of red blood cells?
Hemoglobin
35
True or False: Erythropoiesis is the process of white blood cell production.
False
36
What is the average number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood?
About 4.5 to 6 million.
37
Fill in the blank: The hormone that regulates red blood cell production is ______.
erythropoietin
38
What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
To produce antibodies and coordinate the immune response.
39
Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in allergic reactions? A) Neutrophils B) Basophils C) Monocytes
B) Basophils
40
What is the term for the process of red blood cell destruction?
Hemolysis
41
True or False: Platelets are a type of white blood cell.
False
42
What is the main difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?
Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm, while agranulocytes do not.
43
Fill in the blank: The average lifespan of a white blood cell is ______.
A few days to several years, depending on the type.
44
What is the primary role of monocytes?
To differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells that engulf pathogens.
45
Multiple Choice: Which type of red blood cell is responsible for the red color of blood? A) White blood cells B) Hemoglobin C) Plasma
B) Hemoglobin
46
What is the condition called when there is a deficiency of red blood cells?
Anemia
47
True or False: Lymphocytes are a type of agranulocyte.
True
48
What are the three main types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
49
Fill in the blank: The process of white blood cell formation is known as ______.
leukopoiesis
50
What is the role of eosinophils?
To combat parasitic infections and play a role in allergic reactions.
51
Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell can live for years and provide long-term immunity? A) Neutrophils B) Memory T cells C) Basophils
B) Memory T cells
52
What is a stem cell transplant?
A medical procedure in which healthy stem cells are infused into a patient to replace damaged or diseased bone marrow.
53
True or False: Stem cell transplants can only be used to treat blood-related cancers.
False
54
Fill in the blank: The two main types of stem cell transplants are _____ and _____ transplants.
autologous, allogeneic
55
What is an autologous stem cell transplant?
A transplant using the patient's own stem cells.
56
What is an allogeneic stem cell transplant?
A transplant using stem cells from a donor.
57
Which type of stem cell is commonly used in transplants?
Hematopoietic stem cells
58
True or False: Stem cells can be obtained from umbilical cord blood.
True
59
What is the primary purpose of a stem cell transplant?
To restore the body's ability to produce healthy blood cells.
60
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a potential source of stem cells for transplants? A) Bone marrow B) Peripheral blood C) Skin D) Umbilical cord blood
C) Skin
61
What is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)?
A condition that occurs when donor cells attack the recipient's tissues after an allogeneic transplant.
62
True or False: Patients undergoing stem cell transplants often require chemotherapy or radiation before the procedure.
True
63
What is the role of chemotherapy in stem cell transplants?
To destroy diseased cells and suppress the immune system before transplant.
64
Fill in the blank: The process of collecting stem cells from the donor is called _____ collection.
stem cell
65
What type of diseases can be treated with stem cell transplants?
Cancers, blood disorders, and certain immune deficiencies.
66
True or False: Stem cell transplants can be performed as outpatient procedures.
False
67
What is the significance of HLA typing in stem cell transplants?
It helps match donor and recipient tissues to reduce the risk of rejection.
68
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common complication of stem cell transplants? A) Infection B) Hypertension C) Diabetes D) Asthma
A) Infection
69
What does the term 'rejection' mean in the context of stem cell transplants?
The recipient's immune system attacks the transplanted cells.
70
Fill in the blank: The recovery period after a stem cell transplant can last up to _____ months.
12
71
What are some common side effects of stem cell transplants?
Nausea, fatigue, hair loss, and increased risk of infection.
72
True or False: All patients are eligible for stem cell transplants.
False
73
What is the role of immunosuppressive therapy after an allogeneic stem cell transplant?
To prevent the immune system from rejecting the donor cells.
74
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a long-term risk of stem cell transplants? A) Chronic graft-versus-host disease B) Acute respiratory distress syndrome C) Osteoporosis D) All of the above
D) All of the above
75
What is the primary goal of post-transplant follow-up care?
To monitor for complications and ensure recovery.
76
Fill in the blank: The use of stem cells from a relative is known as _____ transplant.
related
77
What is a significant benefit of using umbilical cord blood for stem cell transplants?
It has a lower risk of GVHD and is readily available.
78
What is hemostasis?
The process that prevents and stops bleeding, or hemorrhage.
79
Name the three phases of hemostasis.
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
80
True or False: Hemostasis is only a single event.
False
81
What triggers vascular spasm in hemostasis?
Injury to blood vessels and the release of various substances.
82
Fill in the blank: The initial response to blood vessel injury is _______.
Vascular spasm
83
What role do platelets play in hemostasis?
They adhere to the site of injury and aggregate to form a platelet plug.
84
What is the final step of hemostasis?
Coagulation, where a fibrin clot is formed.
85
True or False: Coagulation involves a series of enzymatic reactions.
True
86
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in coagulation?
Intrinsic pathway is activated by damage to the blood vessel, while extrinsic pathway is triggered by external trauma.
87
What are blood types determined by?
The presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
88
Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
O negative (O-)
89
What is the Rh factor?
A specific antigen that can be present (+) or absent (-) on red blood cells.
90
True or False: Type AB blood has both A and B antigens.
True
91
What happens in a transfusion reaction?
The recipient's immune system attacks the transfused red blood cells.
92
Multiple Choice: Which blood type can receive blood from type O? A) A B) B C) AB D) All of the above
D) All of the above
93
What is the significance of the ABO blood group system?
It is critical for safe blood transfusions and organ transplants.
94
Fill in the blank: The presence of A antigens on red blood cells corresponds to blood type _______.
A
95
What is thrombocytopenia?
A condition characterized by low platelet count, leading to increased bleeding risk.
96
True or False: Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects hemostasis.
True
97
What are anticoagulants?
Substances that prevent blood clotting.
98
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common anticoagulant? A) Aspirin B) Vitamin K C) Calcium D) Fibrin
A) Aspirin
99
What is the role of fibrin in hemostasis?
Fibrin forms a mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug and creates a clot.
100
What does the term 'thrombosis' refer to?
The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.
101
Fill in the blank: The process of breaking down a clot is known as _______.
Fibrinolysis
102
Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?
AB positive (AB+)
103
What is the main function of von Willebrand factor?
To mediate platelet adhesion to the site of vascular injury.
104
True or False: Blood type incompatibility can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
True
105
What are the three main steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
106
True or False: Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding.
True.
107
Fill in the blank: The first step in hemostasis is __________.
Vascular spasm.
108
What occurs during the vascular spasm phase?
Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow.
109
What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
Platelets aggregate to form a temporary plug at the site of injury.
110
Which step follows platelet plug formation?
Coagulation.
111
True or False: Coagulation involves the formation of a fibrin mesh.
True.
112
What triggers the coagulation cascade?
Tissue factor released from damaged cells.
113
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a step in hemostasis? A) Vascular spasm B) Platelet aggregation C) Inflammation D) Coagulation
C) Inflammation.
114
What is the primary purpose of hemostasis?
To prevent excessive blood loss following vascular injury.
115
Fill in the blank: The formation of a stable fibrin clot occurs during the __________ phase.
Coagulation.
116
What is the significance of the platelet plug?
It temporarily seals small breaks in blood vessels.
117
True or False: Hemostasis can occur without the involvement of platelets.
False.
118
What is the end product of the coagulation cascade?
Fibrin.
119
Multiple Choice: Which factor is essential for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin? A) Factor X B) Thrombin C) Platelets D) Calcium ions
B) Thrombin.
120
What is the role of calcium ions in hemostasis?
They are crucial for several steps in the coagulation cascade.
121
Fill in the blank: The process of hemostasis is initiated by __________.
Vascular injury.
122
What is the role of the intrinsic pathway in coagulation?
It activates factors within the blood in response to damage.
123
What is the role of the extrinsic pathway in coagulation?
It is triggered by external trauma and involves tissue factor.
124
True or False: Hemostasis is a continuous process.
True.
125
What happens during the fibrinolysis phase?
The breakdown of the fibrin clot occurs.
126
Which cells are primarily involved in the formation of the platelet plug?
Platelets.
127
Multiple Choice: Which condition can impair hemostasis? A) Vitamin K deficiency B) High platelet count C) Low blood pressure D) Increased blood volume
A) Vitamin K deficiency.
128
What is the main function of the vascular spasm in hemostasis?
To reduce blood flow to the injured area.
129
Fill in the blank: The final step of hemostasis involves __________.
Coagulation.
130
What are the four main blood types in the ABO system?
A, B, AB, O
131
True or False: Blood type O is considered the universal donor.
True
132
Fill in the blank: The presence of the _____ antigen determines if a person is Rh-positive.
D
133
Which blood type can receive blood from type B?
Type B and AB
134
What does the '+' or '-' sign after a blood type indicate?
The presence or absence of the Rh factor
135
True or False: Individuals with blood type AB can donate blood to anyone.
False
136
What is the main consequence of incompatible blood transfusion?
Hemolytic reaction
137
Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?
AB+
138
Fill in the blank: The ABO blood group system was discovered by _____.
Karl Landsteiner
139
What is the result of an Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
140
Which blood type has no antigens on the surface of its red blood cells?
Type O
141
True or False: Type A blood has anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
True
142
What is the primary purpose of blood typing before a transfusion?
To prevent transfusion reactions
143
What blood type can type O individuals receive?
Type O only
144
Fill in the blank: Individuals with blood type A can donate to _____ and _____.
Type A and AB
145
Which blood type is the most common in the general population?
Type O
146
True or False: Blood type is determined by genetic inheritance.
True
147
What are antibodies?
Proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign substances
148
Which blood type has both A and B antigens on the surface of its red blood cells?
Type AB
149
Fill in the blank: A person with type A blood can receive blood from type _____ and type _____.
A, O
150
What is the significance of the Rh factor in blood compatibility?
It determines if a person is Rh-positive or Rh-negative, affecting transfusions and pregnancy.
151
True or False: Rh-negative individuals can receive Rh-positive blood without any issues.
False
152
What is the role of the blood transfusion service?
To ensure safe blood transfusions by matching blood types.
153
Which type of blood can Rh-negative individuals donate to?
Both Rh-positive and Rh-negative individuals
154
Fill in the blank: The blood type of a person is inherited from their _____.
parents
155
What is the main purpose of crossmatching in blood transfusions?
To ensure compatibility between donor and recipient blood.
156
What is anemia?
A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.
157
True or False: Anemia can be caused by nutritional deficiencies.
True
158
Name a common type of anemia caused by iron deficiency.
Iron deficiency anemia
159
Fill in the blank: Anemia of chronic disease is often due to chronic _____ conditions.
inflammatory
160
What type of anemia is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells?
Hemolytic anemia
161
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of anemia? A) Sickle cell anemia B) Iron deficiency anemia C) Hypertension
C) Hypertension
162
What is the primary cause of aplastic anemia?
Bone marrow failure
163
True or False: Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder.
True
164
What vitamin deficiency can lead to macrocytic anemia?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
165
Name an example of a hemolytic anemia.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
166
Fill in the blank: In thalassemia, there is a defect in the production of _____ chains of hemoglobin.
globin
167
What is pernicious anemia?
A type of macrocytic anemia caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor leading to Vitamin B12 malabsorption.
168
Multiple Choice: Which type of anemia is characterized by small, pale red blood cells? A) Microcytic anemia B) Macrocytic anemia C) Normocytic anemia
A) Microcytic anemia
169
True or False: Normocytic anemia has red blood cells that are of normal size.
True
170
What is the main symptom of anemia?
Fatigue
171
Fill in the blank: Hemolytic anemia can be either _____ or acquired.
hereditary
172
Name a laboratory test commonly used to diagnose anemia.
Complete blood count (CBC)
173
What is the role of erythropoietin in anemia?
It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
174
Multiple Choice: Which type of anemia is often associated with chronic kidney disease? A) Aplastic anemia B) Anemia of chronic disease C) Iron deficiency anemia
B) Anemia of chronic disease
175
True or False: Anemia can only be caused by a lack of iron.
False
176
What is the primary treatment for iron deficiency anemia?
Iron supplementation
177
Fill in the blank: In hereditary spherocytosis, the red blood cells are _____ shaped.
spherical
178
What condition is characterized by an excess of immature red blood cells?
Reticulocytosis
179
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a complication of sickle cell anemia? A) Stroke B) Hypertension C) Diabetes
A) Stroke
180
True or False: Anemia can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.
True
181
What is the significance of a low reticulocyte count in anemia?
It indicates a reduced production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
182
Fill in the blank: Folic acid deficiency can lead to _____ anemia.
macrocytic
183
What is hemostasis?
The process that prevents and stops bleeding, or hemorrhage.
184
List the three main phases of hemostasis.
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
185
True or False: Hemostasis is only a single event.
False.
186
What triggers vascular spasm during hemostasis?
Injury to blood vessels.
187
Fill in the blank: Platelets adhere to the exposed ________ of damaged blood vessels.
collagen.
188
What role do platelets play in hemostasis?
They aggregate to form a temporary plug at the site of vessel injury.
189
What is the function of von Willebrand factor in hemostasis?
It helps platelets adhere to the damaged blood vessel.
190
Define coagulation.
The process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.
191
What is the intrinsic pathway in coagulation?
A coagulation pathway activated by damage to the blood vessel.
192
What is the extrinsic pathway in coagulation?
A coagulation pathway activated by external trauma to a blood vessel.
193
Which factor is known as prothrombin?
Factor II.
194
What does thrombin do?
It converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.
195
True or False: Fibrin is soluble in plasma.
False.
196
What is the final product of the coagulation cascade?
A stable fibrin clot.
197
What is the significance of calcium ions in hemostasis?
They are essential for several steps in the coagulation cascade.
198
Fill in the blank: The process of clot retraction helps to ________ the wound.
stabilize.
199
What enzyme breaks down fibrin in the clot?
Plasmin.
200
What is the role of antithrombin III in hemostasis?
It inhibits thrombin and other clotting factors to prevent excessive clotting.
201
Define thrombosis.
The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.
202
What is a thrombus?
A blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains attached.
203
What is an embolus?
A blood clot or other substance that travels through the bloodstream and can cause blockage.
204
True or False: Hemostasis is only important during injuries.
False.
205
What is the role of tissue factor in coagulation?
It initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
206
Fill in the blank: The main purpose of hemostasis is to prevent ________ loss.
blood.
207
What is the difference between primary and secondary hemostasis?
Primary hemostasis involves platelet plug formation, while secondary hemostasis involves coagulation and formation of a stable clot.
208
What triggers the activation of platelets?
Contact with collagen and other substances exposed during vessel injury.
209
What is the role of prostacyclin in hemostasis?
It inhibits platelet aggregation and promotes vasodilation.
210
Define disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
A serious disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive.
211
What is the role of fibrinolysis in hemostasis?
It is the process that removes blood clots after they have served their purpose.
212
Fill in the blank: The ________ pathway is faster than the intrinsic pathway.
extrinsic.
213
What role does the liver play in hemostasis?
It synthesizes many of the clotting factors necessary for coagulation.
214
True or False: Hemostasis involves only the vascular system.
False.
215
What is the role of activated protein C?
It helps regulate blood clotting by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa.
216
Fill in the blank: Hemostasis is crucial for maintaining ________ homeostasis.
vascular.
217
What are the clinical implications of impaired hemostasis?
Increased risk of bleeding or thrombosis.
218
What is the role of the spleen in hemostasis?
It helps remove aged or damaged platelets from circulation.
219
What is the significance of platelet count in hemostasis?
It indicates the ability of the body to form a proper platelet plug.
220
True or False: Hemostasis is a dynamic and regulated process.
True.
221
What is the relationship between hemostasis and inflammation?
Inflammation can influence hemostasis by altering the function of platelets and clotting factors.
222
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
To protect the body against infections and foreign invaders.
223
True or False: White blood cells can move out of the bloodstream.
True
224
What term describes the process of white blood cells exiting the bloodstream?
Emigration
225
Fill in the blank: White blood cells are also known as ______.
leukocytes
226
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in allergic reactions?
Basophils
227
What is the first step in the emigration of white blood cells?
Adhesion to the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
228
Multiple Choice: Which factor is NOT involved in the emigration of white blood cells? A) Chemokines B) Antibodies C) Selectins D) Integrins
B) Antibodies
229
What triggers the emigration of white blood cells to sites of infection?
Chemical signals such as cytokines and chemokines.
230
True or False: All types of white blood cells emigrate in the same manner.
False
231
Fill in the blank: The process by which white blood cells squeeze through the gaps between endothelial cells is called ______.
diapedesis
232
What role do integrins play in the emigration of white blood cells?
They facilitate the adhesion of white blood cells to the endothelium.
233
Short answer: Name one type of white blood cell that participates in emigration.
Neutrophils
234
Multiple Choice: Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for the adaptive immune response? A) Neutrophils B) T cells C) Eosinophils D) Monocytes
B) T cells
235
True or False: Emigration occurs only during an active infection.
False
236
What is the significance of the emigration of white blood cells?
It allows for an immune response to be mounted at sites of infection or injury.
237
Fill in the blank: ______ are signaling molecules that attract white blood cells to the site of infection.
Chemokines
238
What kind of blood vessels do white blood cells typically emigrate from?
Post-capillary venules
239
True or False: Emigration of white blood cells is a passive process.
False
240
Fill in the blank: The process of white blood cells following chemical signals to their target site is called ______.
chemotaxis
241
What is the role of selectins in the emigration process?
They mediate the initial rolling of white blood cells along the endothelium.
242
Multiple Choice: Which white blood cell is primarily involved in fighting parasitic infections? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Monocytes D) Lymphocytes
B) Eosinophils
243
Short answer: What happens to white blood cells after they emigrate to a tissue?
They can become activated and perform their immune functions.
244
Fill in the blank: The emigration of white blood cells is crucial for ______ immunity.
innate
245
True or False: White blood cells can only emigrate in response to infection.
False
246
What is one consequence of impaired white blood cell emigration?
Increased susceptibility to infections and delayed wound healing.
247
Multiple Choice: Which process do white blood cells use to exit the bloodstream? A) Filtration B) Diffusion C) Emigration D) Osmosis
C) Emigration
248
What are lymphocytes?
A type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system.
249
True or False: Lymphocytes are primarily produced in the bone marrow.
True
250
What are the two main types of lymphocytes?
B cells and T cells.
251
Fill in the blank: B cells are responsible for __________ immunity.
humoral
252
What is the primary function of T cells?
To directly attack infected cells and coordinate the immune response.
253
Which lymphocyte type is involved in the production of antibodies?
B cells.
254
True or False: Lymphocytes can only be found in the blood.
False
255
What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells?
To provide a rapid response to virally infected cells and tumor formation.
256
Multiple Choice: Which type of lymphocyte matures in the thymus? A) B cells B) T cells C) NK cells
B) T cells
257
What is the significance of lymphocyte activation?
It triggers the immune response to pathogens.
258
True or False: Memory cells are a type of lymphocyte that helps the body remember past infections.
True
259
What do helper T cells do?
They assist other immune cells by releasing cytokines.
260
Fill in the blank: Cytotoxic T cells are also known as __________.
killer T cells
261
What is the primary difference between B cells and T cells?
B cells produce antibodies; T cells destroy infected cells.
262
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of lymphocytes? A) Antibody production B) Phagocytosis C) Cell-mediated immunity
B) Phagocytosis
263
What is the lifespan of a memory lymphocyte?
They can live for years or even decades.
264
True or False: Lymphocytes can differentiate into various subtypes.
True
265
What is the role of regulatory T cells?
To suppress the immune response and maintain tolerance to self-antigens.
266
Fill in the blank: Lymphoid tissues include the spleen, lymph nodes, and __________.
thymus
267
What is lymphadenopathy?
Swelling of lymph nodes, often due to infection or disease.
268
Multiple Choice: Which lymphocyte type is primarily responsible for long-term immunity? A) B cells B) T cells C) NK cells
A) B cells
269
What is the process by which lymphocytes recognize and respond to specific antigens?
Antigen recognition.
270
True or False: All lymphocytes express the same surface markers.
False
271
What is the function of memory B cells?
To quickly produce antibodies upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
272
Fill in the blank: The primary organ where B cells mature is the __________.
bone marrow
273
What is the significance of lymphocyte clonal expansion?
It allows for a rapid increase in the number of lymphocytes specific to a particular antigen.
274
What is a hemopoietic growth factor?
A substance that stimulates the production of blood cells.
275
True or False: Hemopoietic growth factors are only involved in red blood cell production.
False
276
Which organ primarily produces hemopoietic growth factors?
The kidneys
277
Fill in the blank: Hemopoietic growth factors are crucial for the development of ______ cells.
blood
278
What is the role of erythropoietin?
It stimulates the production of red blood cells.
279
Name one type of hemopoietic growth factor.
Erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, or granulocyte-colony stimulating factor.
280
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a hemopoietic growth factor? A) Erythropoietin B) Insulin C) Thrombopoietin
B) Insulin
281
True or False: Hemopoietic growth factors can be used therapeutically.
True
282
What condition can be treated with erythropoietin?
Anemia
283
Which hemopoietic growth factor stimulates platelet production?
Thrombopoietin
284
Fill in the blank: Hemopoietic growth factors are important in ______ therapy for cancer patients.
supportive
285
What is the function of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)?
It stimulates the production of neutrophils.
286
True or False: Hemopoietic growth factors are only produced in the bone marrow.
False
287
Short Answer: What is the primary effect of hemopoietic growth factors on the immune system?
They enhance the production of immune cells.
288
Multiple Choice: Which growth factor is primarily responsible for increasing white blood cells? A) Erythropoietin B) Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor C) Thrombopoietin
B) Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
289
What is the clinical application of thrombopoietin?
To treat thrombocytopenia.
290
Fill in the blank: Hemopoietic growth factors are often used in ______ medicine.
regenerative
291
True or False: All hemopoietic growth factors are proteins.
True
292
What is the primary source of erythropoietin in adults?
The kidneys
293
Short Answer: How do hemopoietic growth factors affect bone marrow?
They stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells.
294
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of hemopoietic growth factors? A) Stimulating blood cell production B) Promoting wound healing C) Enhancing oxygen transport
C) Enhancing oxygen transport
295
What role do hemopoietic growth factors play in blood transfusion?
They help in the recovery of blood cell counts post-transfusion.
296
Fill in the blank: Hemopoietic growth factors are essential for ______ after chemotherapy.
recovery
297
True or False: Hemopoietic growth factors can be genetically engineered for therapeutic use.
True
298
What is the primary action of interleukin-3?
It stimulates the growth of multiple blood cell types.
299
Short Answer: Name a disease that could benefit from hemopoietic growth factor therapy.
Leukemia
