learning objective Flashcards by Caitlyn Starkey

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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What are the major functions of the blood?

Transportation, regulation, protection

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What are the physical characteristics of blood?

pH, viscosity, volume, color changes

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What distinguishes blood plasma from formed elements?

Blood plasma is the liquid component; formed elements are the cellular components

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What are the major components of blood plasma?

Nutrients
Electrolytes
Nitrogenous wastes
Plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)

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What are the formed elements of the blood?

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

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Define hemopoiesis.

The formation of blood cells

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What are the types of stem cells involved in hemopoiesis?

Pluripotent stem cells
Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells
Progenitor cells
Precursor cells

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Describe the anatomy of red blood cells (RBCs).

Biconcave shape, lack of nucleus, flexible membrane

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What is the role of hemoglobin in RBC physiology?

Oxygen transport and carbon dioxide removal

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What are the breakdown products of hemoglobin?

Transferrin
Ferritin
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Stercobilin

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What are the stages of erythropoiesis?

Proerythroblast
Reticulocyte
Mature erythrocyte

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What regulates RBC formation through negative feedback?

Hypoxia and erythropoietin (EPO)

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Define anemia.

A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

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List five different types of anemia.

Iron-deficiency anemia
Aplastic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Pernicious anemia

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What distinguishes between myeloid and lymphoid stem cell lines in leukocyte formation?

Myeloid stem cells produce granulocytes and monocytes; lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes

What is the basis for the distinction between granular and agranular leukocytes?

Granular leukocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm; agranular leukocytes do not

List the cell types of granular leukocytes.

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

List the cell types of agranular leukocytes.

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

What are the functions of WBCs?

Phagocytosis, immune responses, chemotaxis, emigration (diapedesis)

These functions are crucial for the immune system’s ability to protect the body from pathogens.

What are the specific functions associated with each type of WBC?

Neutrophils: phagocytosis
Lymphocytes: immune response
Monocytes: differentiate into macrophages
Eosinophils: combat parasites
Basophils: release histamine

Each type of WBC has specialized roles in the immune system.

How does a differential WBC count work?

Counts the percentage of each type of WBC in a blood sample

Normal ranges: Neutrophils: 50-70%, Lymphocytes: 20-40%, Monocytes: 2-8%, Eosinophils: 1-4%, Basophils: 0.5-1%

What tests are included in a complete blood count?

RBC count, WBC count, platelet count

Normal values: RBC: 4.5-5.5 million/microliter, WBC: 4,500-11,000/microliter, Platelets: 150,000-450,000/microliter.

How are thrombocytes formed from megakaryocytes?

Megakaryocytes release cytoplasmic fragments that become platelets

Thrombopoietin (TPO) stimulates the production and maturation of megakaryocytes.

How do platelets differ structurally and functionally from other formed elements?

Platelets are cell fragments, while other formed elements (RBCs, WBCs) are whole cells ## Footnote Platelets play a key role in hemostasis.

What is the purpose of bone marrow transplants?

To replace damaged or diseased bone marrow ## Footnote Cord-blood transplants offer benefits like lower risk of graft-versus-host disease.

What are the three primary mechanisms involved in hemostasis?

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation ## Footnote These mechanisms work together to stop bleeding.

What are the three stages involved in platelet plug formation?

1. Adhesion 2. Activation 3. Aggregation ## Footnote ADP, thromboxane A2, and serotonin play important roles in these stages.

Define serum.

The liquid part of blood after coagulation ## Footnote Serum does not contain clotting factors.

What are clotting factors?

Proteins in blood that help control bleeding ## Footnote They are essential for the coagulation process.

What are the three major stages in the blood-clotting process?

1. Vascular spasm 2. Formation of the platelet plug 3. Coagulation ## Footnote These stages are critical for effective hemostasis.

How do the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of clotting differ?

Intrinsic pathway: activated by damage to blood vessels Extrinsic pathway: activated by tissue factor (TF) ## Footnote These pathways converge at the common pathway of coagulation.

What is the common pathway in the blood-clotting process?

Involves prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin ## Footnote Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a stable clot.

What is clot retraction?

The process where a clot shrinks and pulls the edges of a wound together ## Footnote This aids in wound healing.

What role does vitamin K play in the clotting process?

Essential for the synthesis of clotting factors ## Footnote A deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders.

What are hemostatic control mechanisms?

Processes that regulate bleeding and clotting ## Footnote Terms include fibrinolysis, plasminogen, plasmin, anticoagulants, heparin, antithrombin, warfarin.

Define intravascular clotting.

Clot formation within blood vessels ## Footnote A thrombus is a stationary clot; an embolus is a traveling clot.

What is the difference between blood groups and blood types?

Blood groups are classifications based on antigens, while blood types are specific subcategories within those groups ## Footnote Example: Group A has type A blood, which has A antigens.