heart

Question 1

What is the central region of the thoracic cavity where the heart is located?

Answer 1

Mediastinum

The mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and other structures.

Question 2

What is the pointed end of the heart called?

Answer 2

Apex

The apex is positioned at the bottom of the heart, near the left ventricle.

Question 3

What is the broad, superior portion of the heart referred to as?

Answer 3

Base

The base is the opposite end of the apex and serves as the attachment point for major blood vessels.

Question 4

What is the name of the double-layered membrane surrounding the heart?

Answer 4

Pericardium

The pericardium consists of two layers: fibrous and serous.

Question 5

What is the tough outer layer of the pericardium that prevents overstretching?

Answer 5

Fibrous pericardium

The fibrous pericardium is the outermost layer, providing structural support.

Question 6

What are the two parts of the serous pericardium?

Answer 6

Parietal layer and Visceral layer

The parietal layer is fused to the fibrous pericardium, while the visceral layer (epicardium) covers the heart surface.

Question 7

What is the outer, smooth layer of the heart wall called?

Answer 7

Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)

This layer is in direct contact with the heart muscle.

Question 8

What is the thick, muscular layer of the heart responsible for contraction?

Answer 8

Myocardium

The myocardium is the primary layer involved in the pumping action of the heart.

Question 9

What is the smooth, inner layer lining the heart chambers called?

Answer 9

Endocardium

The endocardium provides a smooth surface for blood flow within the heart.

Question 10

What are the thin-walled chambers that receive blood called?

Answer 10

Atria

The atria are the upper chambers of the heart.

Question 11

Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava?

Answer 11

Right Atrium

The right atrium collects blood returning from the body.

Question 12

Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?

Answer 12

Left Atrium

The left atrium collects blood returning from the lungs.

Question 13

What are the thick-walled chambers that pump blood called?

Answer 13

Ventricles

The ventricles are the lower chambers of the heart.

Question 14

Which ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 14

Right Ventricle

The right ventricle is responsible for pulmonary circulation.

Question 15

Which ventricle pumps blood to the body via the aorta?

Answer 15

Left Ventricle

The left ventricle is responsible for systemic circulation.

Question 16

What type of valves prevent backflow into the atria?

Answer 16

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

These valves include the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves.

Question 17

What is the right AV valve called?

Answer 17

Tricuspid Valve

The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Question 18

What is the left AV valve called?

Answer 18

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Question 19

What type of valves prevent backflow into the ventricles?

Answer 19

Semilunar Valves

These include the pulmonary and aortic valves.

Question 20

Which valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 20

Pulmonary Valve

The pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Question 21

Which valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta?

Answer 21

Aortic Valve

The aortic valve controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the body.

Question 22

What are the tendon-like cords connecting AV valves to papillary muscles called?

Answer 22

Chordae Tendineae

These structures help prevent backflow during ventricular contraction.

Question 23

What type of circulation involves oxygenated blood from the left heart to the body?

Answer 23

Systemic Circulation

Systemic circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

Question 24

What type of circulation involves deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs?

Answer 24

Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary circulation is essential for gas exchange in the lungs.

Question 25

What is the blood supply to the heart muscle via coronary arteries called?

Answer 25

Coronary Circulation ## Footnote Coronary circulation ensures the heart muscle receives oxygenated blood.

Question 26

What is the pacemaker of the heart that initiates each heartbeat?

Answer 26

Sinoatrial (SA) Node ## Footnote The SA node is located in the right atrium.

Question 27

What node delays the impulse, allowing atria to contract before ventricles?

Answer 27

Atrioventricular (AV) Node ## Footnote The AV node is crucial for coordinating heart contractions.

Question 28

What conducts signals from the AV node to the ventricles?

Answer 28

AV Bundle (Bundle of His) ## Footnote This bundle is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses.

Question 29

What carries signals through the interventricular septum?

Answer 29

Right & Left Bundle Branches ## Footnote These branches ensure the electrical signal reaches both ventricles.

Question 30

What spreads impulses through the ventricles, causing contraction?

Answer 30

Purkinje Fibers ## Footnote Purkinje fibers are the terminal components of the conduction system.

Question 31

What does the P Wave in an EKG represent?

Answer 31

Atrial depolarization ## Footnote The P wave indicates atrial contraction.

Question 32

What does the QRS Complex in an EKG represent?

Answer 32

Ventricular depolarization ## Footnote The QRS complex indicates ventricular contraction.

Question 33

What does the T Wave in an EKG represent?

Answer 33

Ventricular repolarization ## Footnote The T wave indicates ventricular relaxation.

Question 34

True or False: Arrhythmia refers to a regular heart rhythm.

Answer 34

False ## Footnote Arrhythmia refers to an irregular heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation.

Question 35

What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called?

Answer 35

Systole ## Footnote Systole is when the heart pumps blood out.

Question 36

What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle called?

Answer 36

Diastole ## Footnote Diastole is when the heart chambers fill with blood.

Question 37

What heart sound is associated with AV valves closing?

Answer 37

S1 (“Lubb”) ## Footnote S1 marks the beginning of systole.

Question 38

What heart sound is associated with semilunar valves closing?

Answer 38

S2 (“Dupp”) ## Footnote S2 marks the end of systole and the beginning of diastole.

Question 39

What is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute called?

Answer 39

Cardiac Output (CO) ## Footnote Cardiac output is a critical measure of heart function.

Question 40

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

Answer 40

CO = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR) ## Footnote This formula shows the relationship between stroke volume and heart rate.

Question 41

What is the amount of blood ejected per beat called?

Answer 41

Stroke Volume (SV) ## Footnote Stroke volume is a key determinant of cardiac output.

Question 42

What factor affecting stroke volume refers to the stretch of the heart before contraction?

Answer 42

Preload ## Footnote Increased preload generally leads to a stronger contraction.

Question 43

What factor affecting stroke volume refers to the strength of contraction?

Answer 43

Contractility ## Footnote Contractility increases with certain hormones like epinephrine.

Question 44

What factor affecting stroke volume refers to the resistance the ventricles must overcome?

Answer 44

Afterload ## Footnote Afterload impacts how effectively the heart can pump blood.

Question 45

What part of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and contractility?

Answer 45

Sympathetic ## Footnote The sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response.

Question 46

What part of the autonomic nervous system decreases heart rate via the vagus nerve?

Answer 46

Parasympathetic ## Footnote The parasympathetic system promotes rest and relaxation.

Question 47

What hormones are known to increase heart rate and contractility?

Answer 47

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine ## Footnote These hormones are released during stress or physical activity.

Question 48

What hormones are known to increase heart rate?

Answer 48

Thyroid hormones ## Footnote Thyroid hormones play a role in metabolic regulation, including heart function.

Question 49

Fill in the blank: The phase of blood circulation that involves oxygenated blood from the left heart to the body is called _______.

Answer 49

Systemic Circulation ## Footnote This phase is crucial for delivering oxygen to tissues.