Study guide self test 1 Flashcards
Physiology is defined as the branch of biology dealing with_______
the functions and vital processes of living organisms.
anatomy is the study of ________
the morphology or structure of living organisms.
If nutrients in the blood are constantly being exchanged, but the concentration remains constant, _______ exists.
-a threshold level
- a steady state
-positive feedback.
- a controlled system
a steady state
The process by which an organism maintains itself in a relatively stable or constant condition and within certain physiological limits is called
-growth.
-homeostasis.
-positive feedback.
-metabolism.
homeostasis.
Match:
Sensor or receptor
Efferent pathway
Response
Integrator
Afferent pathway
Stimulus
Effector
Neg feedback
1: stimulus
2: response
3: sensor or receptor
4: effector
5: integrator
6: neg feedback
7:afferent pathway
8: efferent pathway
Which of the following is the best example of negative feedback?
-As oxytocin secretion increases, uterine contractions increase.
-The more the sun shines, the more plants grow.
-As traffic increases, air pollution worsens.
-Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone secretion decreases as estrogen secretion increases.
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone secretion decreases as estrogen secretion increases
The structure that detects changes in the internal or external environment is:
-a motor neuron.
-a sensory neuron.
-an effector.
-a sensory receptor.
a sensory receptor.
There are two primary control systems in the body, these are:
-the central nervous system and the digestive system.
-the central nervous system and the respiratory system.
-the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system.
-the central nervous system and the endocrine system
the central nervous system and the endocrine system
___________ neurons carry information toward the Central Nervous System, and _________ neurons carry information away from the Central Nervous System.
efferent
afferent
automatic
somatic
efferent; afferent
afferent: (sensory) Carry sensory information from receptor
efferent: (motor)Transmit commands from the CNS to muscles or glands, initiating actions or responses
Which of the following statements describing a control system is true?
-When a small stimulus causes a large response, the acuity is said to be low.
- When describing temperature regulation in a house, the furnace is called the effector.
- Receptors are responsible for integration of information.
-The set point is located in the effector
When describing temperature regulation in a house, the furnace is called the effector.
Efferent or motor neurons conduct information to:
a. skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle.
b. the brain or spinal cord.
c. exocrine glands.
B and C
Cardiac and smooth muscle are innervated by:
-the afferent nervous system.
-the autonomic nervous system.
- the somatic nervous system.
-all of the above
the autonomic nervous system.
Which of the following are effectors used by the body? Select all correct answers.
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Bone
Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
Endothelial Cells
Neural Cells
Epithelial Cells
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
Which of the following is NOT true of diffusion?
-utilizes cellular energy
-can occur in living and nonliving cells
-may occur both into and out of the cell
-may include the movement of both solute and solvent molecules
utilizes cellular energy
The movement of solute molecules from a region of higher concentration toward a region of lower concentration is called ________________________.
osmosis
diffusion
filtration
tonicity
diffusion
Fick’s law of diffusion is represented by the following formula
QY = {[YA] - [YB]} x TY x SY / {MWY] x [A/D] where:
(a) [YA] - [YB] is the concentration gradient
(b) TY is the temperature of molecule Y
(c) SY is the solubility (lipid) of Y in the membrane
(d) MWY is the molecular weight of Y
(e) A is the cross-sectional area across which diffusion will occur
(f) D is the distance across diffusion will occur
Which of the above parameters is the single most important factor in determining the rate of diffusion?
-concentration gradient
-temperature
-solubility
-molecular weight
-concentration gradient
All of the factors listed below increase diffusion rate EXCEPT:
- increase in temperature
-increase in molecular weight
-increase in solubility
-increase in the concentration gradient
increase in molecular weight
Which parameter(s) are particularly important in determining the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane.
-molecular weight and temperature
-solubility and temperature
-temperature, molecular weight, and solubility
-temperature, lipid solubility, surface area, and diffusion distance
temperature, lipid solubility, surface area, and diffusion distance
According to Fick’s Law of Diffusion, which factors are inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion?
-molecular weight and temperature
-distance and cross-sectional area
-temperature and solubility
-molecular weight and distance
molecular weight and distance
The following is an illustration showing the diffusion of
1M methylene blue and
1M congo red in agar.
Congo red’s molecular weight is 697, methylene blue’s is 320. Both were placed on the agar at the same time. The diameters are different because:
-The concentration gradient for congo red is greater than that for methylene blue.
-The cross sectional area of methylene blue is greater than that of congo red.
-As molecular weight of a substance increases, the diffusion rate for that substance increases.
-The solubility of congo red in agar is enough greater than that of methylene blue to overcome the fact that congo red has a greater molecular weight.
The solubility of congo red in agar is enough greater than that of methylene blue to overcome the fact that congo red has a greater molecular weight.
What belongs in box #2?
-autonomic nervous system
-somatic nervous system
-efferent system
-sympathetic nervous system
The system indicated by Box #3 acts on:
-skeletal muscle.
-cardiac and skeletal muscle.
-cardiac and smooth muscle.
-cardiac muscle
Box #2: efferent system
Box #3: skeletal muscle.
The statement: the variability of physiological responses is the most constant feature of nature can be interpreted as meaning:
-all subjects will have the same response to a given stimulus.
-all subjects of the same species will have the same response to a given stimulus.
-a very small number of subjects will be adequate to provide statistical reliability.
-response to a given stimulus can be highly variable in all subjects.
response to a given stimulus can be highly variable in all subjects.
