Self Guide Self Test LAB 10 Flashcards
When taking a blood pressure, the first sound that you hear represents the _____, and is the pressure that is generated during _____.
Group of answer choices
a) systolic reading; relaxation of the ventricle
b) systolic reading; contraction of the ventricles
c) diastolic reading; contraction of the atria
d) diastolic reading; relaxation of the ventricles
systolic reading; contraction of the ventricles
Mean arterial pressure must be homeostatically maintained
(multiple answers)
a) to insure adequate perfusion of all vascular beds.
b) to insure sufficient pressure so that the forces of gravity can be overcome.
c) to prevent one from passing out if the brain is insufficiently perfused.
d) to allow one to change positions such as going from reclining to standing without feeling faint.
e) through the baroreceptor reflex.
ALL CORRECT
As the heart to brain distance becomes greater, the MAP (mean atrial pressure) at the level of the heart _____ , while the MAP at brain level _____ when compared with different species.
a) decreases; decreases
b) decreases; increases
c) decreases; remains about the same
d) increases; decreases
e) increases; increases
f) increases; remains about the same
f) increases; remains about the same
Which of the following formulas is correct?
(multiple answers)
c) Mean arterial pressure = cardiac output X peripheral resistance
d) Mean arterial pressure = stroke volume X heart rate X peripheral resistance
f) Mean arterial pressure = [(systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)/3] + diastolic pressure
C,D,F
Your subject has the following experimental data:
(1) heart rate of 66 beats per minute,
(2) a stroke volume of 73 milliliters per beat, and
(3) a peripheral resistance of 21 mm Hg . minute per liter.
Calculate their mean arterial pressure. Record your answer to the nearest whole number. For full credit you must include the appropriate units with your answer. HINT: Write out the needed formulas, and cross out the units to make sure you are doing the calculations correctly. You will need to convert the cardiac output from milliliters/minute to liters per minute before calculating Mean Arterial Pressure.
101
The formula for this question is Cardiac Output X Peripheral Resistance. You must first calculate Cardiac Output from Heart Rate X Stroke Volume and use the value in liters per minute to calculate MAP.
Given a systolic pressure of 155 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 71 mm Hg, calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for a subject. Record your answer to the nearest whole number. Also include the units for MAP. HINT: If you do not know where to find the formula to answer this question, refer to the Experiment #10 index in your Lab Manual.
99
The formula for this question is MAP = [(PS-PD) / 3] + PD
Systolic blood pressure is reflected or influenced by _____, whereas diastolic pressure is reflected by _____.
heart rate; stroke volume
peripheral resistance; cardiac output
cardiac output; heart rate
cardiac output; peripheral resistance
cardiac output; peripheral resistance
You are measuring the blood pressure in a patient using a sphygmomanometer. You could detect an increase in venoconstriction by observing _____________, and you could detect an increase in vasoconstriction of the arterioles by observing ______________.
a decrease in systolic pressure; an increase in diastolic pressure
an increase in diastolic pressure; an increase in diastolic pressure
an decrease in diastolic pressure; a decrease systolic pressure
an increase in systolic pressure; an increase in diastolic pressure
an increase in systolic pressure; an increase in diastolic pressure
If heart rate doubles and stroke volume doubles, cardiac output will:
double (2X).
quadruple (4X).
stay the same.
reduce to one-half (1/2)
quadruple (4X).
Your subject has the following experimental data: (1) heart rate of 70 beats per minute (2) stroke volume of 74 ml /beat. Calculate his/her cardiac output in liters/minute. Record your answer to the nearest 1/10.
5.2
The correct formula for this questions is: Cardiac Output = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume.
Which of the following factors can affect stroke volume?
(Multiple answers)
end diastolic volume
venous return
heart rate
ejection fraction
ventilation
exercise
sympathetic stimulation
everything
What principle does the following graph represent?
Reflex control of the heart, which is modified by the autonomic nervous system.
Increased venous return stimulates stretch receptors in the myocardium, thereby eliciting an increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Starling’s Law, which is an intrinsic autoregulation mechanism that matches cardiac output to venous return.
None of the above are true.
Starling’s Law, which is an intrinsic autoregulation mechanism that matches cardiac output to venous return.
Which of the following statements is/are true?
(multiple answers)
In the reclining position, gravity has little influence on blood pressure homeostasis.
In the standing position, blood tends to pool in the extremities.
Venous return decreases when one moves from a reclining to a standing position.
The baroreceptor reflex is responsible for adjusting mean arterial pressure on a moment to moment basis.
Everything.
Venous valves
(multiple answers)
prevent blood from pooling in the extremities.
assist in reducing the effect of hydrostatic pressure on blood returning to the heart.
when impaired are the cause of varicose veins.
everything
List three mechanisms the body has developed to maintain the return of blood (venous return) to the heart from the extremities. __________
(three words)
____________ (two words) ___________
(one word). Use the same order as these mechanisms are presented in the Lab Manual and Lecture Notes.
Three words: Skeletal muscle pump
Two words: Thoracic pump
One word: Venoconstriction
Which of the following facilitates venous return?
(multiple answers)
increase in venous tone
skeletal muscle pump
thoracic pump
postural changes such as lying down with feet elevated
fainting
everything
Humans in the upright position face the problem of returning blood from the extremities to the heart against the force of gravity. Which of the following mechanisms tend to aid in this return? Select all correct responses.
(multiple answers)
the skeletal muscle pump.
the thoracic pump
increased venous tone (venoconstriction)
All correct
Match the mechanisms listed in the left column with the best description in the right column.
(match)
LEFT:
skeletal muscle pump
thoracic pump
venoconstriction
RIGHT:
-muscle contraction squeezes veins forcing blood back toward the heart past one way valves
- smooth muscle in the elastic venous vessels contracts forcing blood from the venous system back toward the heart
-negative pressure in chest “pulls” blood into the thorax (and heart) with each inhalation
skeletal muscle pump= muscle contraction squeezes veins forcing blood back toward the heart past one way valves
thoracic pump= negative pressure in chest “pulls” blood into the thorax (and heart) with each inhalation
venoconstriction= smooth muscle in the elastic venous vessels contracts forcing blood from the venous system back toward the heart
What branch of the Autonomic Nervous System innervates the veins?
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
Sympathetic
What autonomic output leads to venoconstriction?
Increased Parasympathetic
Decreased Parasympathetic
Increased Sympathetic
Decreased Sympathetic
Increased Sympathetic
What is the effect of venoconstriction on venous return?
increases
decreases
has no effect
increases
What autonomic output leads to venodilation?
Increased Parasympathetic
Decreased Parasympathetic
Increased Sympathetic
Decreased Sympathetic
Decreased Sympathetic
What is the effect of venodilation on venous return?
increases
decreases
has no effect
decreases
Increased sympathetic activity stimulates the smooth muscle (effector) in the wall of the veins to ________ and therefore ______ the diameter of the vessel.
contract; increase
contract; decrease
relax; increase
relax; decrease
contract; decrease
List three factors that can alter peripheral resistance.
viscosity
length
diameter
Which of the following vessels play the most important role in altering peripheral resistance?
veins
venules
arteries
arterioles
arterioles
Decreased sympathetic activity stimulates the smooth muscle (effector) in the wall of the veins to ________ and therefore ______ the diameter of the vessel.
contract; increase
contract; decrease
relax; increase
relax; decrease
relax; increase
With a generalized vasoconstriction of arterioles,
(multiple answers)
mean arterial blood pressure increases.
mean arterial blood pressure doesn’t change.
blood vessels decrease in diameter
blood flow “downstream” from the vasoconstriction decreases
diastolic pressure increases
B,D,G,H,J
What branch of the Autonomic Nervous System innervates the arterioles?
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
Sympathetic
What is the effect of arteriolar vasoconstriction on peripheral resistance?
increases
decreases
has no effect
increases
What autonomic output leads to arteriolar vasoconstriction?
Increased Parasympathetic
Decreased Parasympathetic
Increased Sympathetic
Decreased Sympathetic
Increased Sympathetic
What autonomic output leads to arteriolar vasodilation?
Increased Parasympathetic
Decreased Parasympathetic
Increased Sympathetic
Decreased Sympathetic
Decreased Sympathetic
What is the effect of arteriolar vasodilation on peripheral resistance?
increases
decreases
has no effect
decreases
Increased sympathetic activity stimulates the smooth muscle (effector) in the wall of the arterioles to ________ and therefore ______ the diameter of the vessel.
contract; increase
contract; decrease
relax; increase
relax; decrease
contract; decrease
Decreased sympathetic activity stimulates the smooth muscle (effector) in the wall of the arterioles to ________ and therefore ______ the diameter of the vessel.
contract; increase
contract; decrease
relax; increase
relax; decrease
relax; increase
Veins and arterioles are in a partially contracted state under rest and repose conditions.
(multiple answers)
This state is called sympathetic tone.
The partially contracted state is the result of a tonic sympathetic stimulation of the smooth muscle in the walls of the vessels.
A and D
Under Fight or Flight conditions:
(multiple answers)
Increased Sympathetic Nervous System stimulation causes arterioles controlling blood flow to visceral organs to constrict.
Blood flow to visceral organs decreases.
Metabolic by-products from contracting skeletal muscle causes a local vasodilation of arterioles in skeletal muscle.
Blood flow to active skeletal muscle increases.
A,C,E.H
Match the component of the baroreflex arc induced when one goes from a reclining to a standing position listed in the left column with the best description in the right column.
(MATCH)
LEFT:
Stimulus
Receptor
Afferent Pathway
Integrator
Efferent Pathways
Effectors
Response
RIGHT:
-sympathetic neurons to heart & vessels and parasympathetic neurons to heart
- increased MAP
-cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of vessels
-decreased MAP
-decreased frequency of impulses along sensory neurons
-cardiac and vasomotor centers of medulla
-baroreceptors located in carotid artery and aortic arch
Stimulus= decreased MAP
Receptor= baroreceptors located in carotid artery and aortic arch
Afferent Pathway=decreased frequency of impulses along sensory neurons
Integrator= cardiac and vasomotor centers of medulla
Efferent Pathways= sympathetic neurons to heart & vessels and parasympathetic neurons to heart
Effectors= cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of vessels
Response= increased MAP
During moderate exercise, systolic pressure increases because cardiac output _____ and diastolic pressure is maintained close to resting levels or decreases as blood flow to exercising skeletal muscle _____, and blood flow to the digestive tract _____.
decreases; increases; decreases
increases; increases; decreases
increases; increases; increases
increases; decreases; decreases
increases; increases; decreases
Hypertension
(multiple answers)
refers to high blood pressure.
can be diagnosed with repeated blood pressure measurements using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.
is diagnosed when blood pressure readings exceed 140/90
can be treated with medication and life style changes, but not permanently cured.
has no symptoms in the early stages of development and goes unnoticed until damage to the cardiovascular system has occurred..
B,C,D,F,G
