Study guide renal (Farina)

Question 1

Renal aplasia/agenesis

Answer 1

• absence of one or both kidneys

Question 2

Renal hypoplasia

Answer 2

• Kidneys smaller than normal

Question 3

Horshoe kidney

Answer 3

• kidneys fused at one pole

Question 4

PKD

Answer 4

• Polycystic kidney dz
• affects persian cats
• autosomal dominant
• renal dysfunction at 3-10 years old
• renal failure at > 7 yrs old
• lesions
  
  • cysts in kidney, sometimes liver
  • develop from any segment of the nephron

Question 5

Papillary necrosis

Answer 5

• associated with NSAID admin
  
  • Phenylbutazone or flunixin in dehydrated animals
  • Pathogenesis
    
    • PGE₂ maintains vasodilation in arterioles in juxtamedullary nephrons - NSAIDS inhibit PGE₂ which results in ischemic necrosis of papillary region of medulla

Question 6

Hydronephrosis and hydroureter

Answer 6

• secondary to obstruction

Question 7

glomerulonephritis

pathogenesis

Answer 7

• circuling immune complexes deposited in/adjacent to glomerular basement membrane/antibodies formed against components of glomerular basement membrane =>
• complement is fixed on complexes =>
• complement fragments may attract neuts which release enzymes and free radicals damage the basement membrane/basement membrane damaged by complement w/o neutrophils =>
• Damage to basement membrane compromises filtration barrier

Question 8

GN

Answer 8

• Membranous GN: thickened glomerular basement membrane
• Proliferative GN: inc numbers of mesangial cells
• membranoproliferative GN: both
• Proximal tubules will probably be damaged due to lack of filtration of toxins
• Protein loss from GF dysfunction

Question 9

Conditions associated with GN

Answer 9

• Viral dz
  
  • BVD, EIA, Canine hepatitis, FIP, Hog Cholera, African swine fever, FeLV, Aleutian mink dz
• Bacterial diseases
  
  • chronic pyometra
  • lyme dz
  • streptococal infections in horses
• Parasitic/protozoal dz
  
  • heartworms, Leishmaniasis, African trypanosomiasis
• Autoimmune diseases
  
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Neoplasia

Question 10

Underlying conditions of renal dz

Answer 10

• oten never determined

Question 11

Urinalysis finding most suggestive of glomerular dz

Answer 11

protein in urine

Question 12

Type of amyloid most commonly present in glomerular amyloidosis

Answer 12

• serum ayloid

Question 13

animals with familial systemic reactive amyloidsosis

Answer 13

• sharpei dog
• abyssinian cat

Question 14

histochemica stain to confirm amyloid

Answer 14

congo red

Question 15

effect amyloid on glomeruli

Answer 15

• loss of filtration barrier
  
  • leads to proteinuria

Question 16

common site of bacteria in septicemia

Answer 16

• peritubular capillaries
  
  • small and twisty spots, easy for bacts to get stuck

Question 17

Common bact cause embolic glomerulitis in

horses

pigs

cattle

Answer 17

• horses: actinobacillus equuli
• Pigs: erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
• cattle: truperella pyogenes

Question 18

ischemic tubular necrosis

Answer 18

• caused by hypoperfusion
• hypotension (shock)
• Proximal tubules more severely affected
  
  • high metabolic rate
• Basement membranes not preserved
  
  • means no regeneration

Question 19

nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis

Answer 19

• proximal tubules most affected
  
  • high metabolic rate
  • exposed to a large volume of ultrafiltrate that they resorb
• Basement membranes preserved
  
  • regeneration possible

Question 20

pyelonephritis

Answer 20

• inflammation of renal pelvis and parenchyma
• usually due to ascending UTI infection
• responsible organisms similar to those that cause UTIs
• histo: acute lesions have supperative exudates in pelvis
• medulla most affected but lesions may extend into cortex

Question 21

Swine kidney worm

Answer 21

• stephanurus dentatus
• encyst in perirenal tissue
• cysts communicate with renal pelvis or ureter to allow passage of eggs in urin

Question 22

Dioctophyma renale

Answer 22

• affects piscivorous mammals: mink, dog, cat
• adult worms live in renal pelvis
• pyelitis is initially hemorrhagic then sulppurrative
• renal parenchyma is progressively destroyed

Question 23

Most common primary renal tumor in

pigs

dogs/cattle/sheep

Answer 23

• Pig: nephroblastoma
• Dog, cattle, sheep: renal adenocarcinom

Question 24

Non renal lesions associated with renal failure

Answer 24

• Gastric ulcers
• ulcerative stomatitis/glossitis
• mineralized intercostal pleura
• uremic pneumonitis
• parathyroid hyperplasia
• anemia

Question 25

What are predisposing factors for urolithiasis

Answer 25

• hereditary factors: dalmations
• altered urine pH
• Dietary factors
• UTIs

Question 26

Predisposing factors for cystitis

Answer 26

• abnormal voiding of urine
• loss of acidic urine pH
• altered osmolality
• glucosuria
• proteinuria
• mucosal trauma
• females - wide, short urethra close to butt

Question 27

predisposing factors for recurring UTIs

Answer 27

• anatomic abnormalities
• nuero abnormalities
• diabetes
• pyelonephritis
• uroliths
• neoplasia
• hyperadrenocorticism

Question 28

enzootic hematuria

Answer 28

• occurs in mature cattle grazing bracken fern (toxins, carcinogens)
• lesion: hematuria, hemorrhagic proliferative cystitis, bladder neoplasms

Question 29

CS TCC

Answer 29

• Dysuria, tranguria
• hematuria
• mimic or complicated by UTIs

Question 30

Acute vs chronic renal failure

Answer 30

• A: good BCS
• C: poor BCS
• A: smooth, enlarged kidneys
• C: small, irregular kidneys
• A: severe CS
• C: mild CS
• A: N to inc PCV
• C: non-reg anemia
• A: K+ N to inc
• C: K+ N to dec
• A: severe metabolic acidosis
• C: less severe metabolic acidosis
• C: long standing PU/PD