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2nd path test > Bone (Dark) > Flashcards

Bone (Dark) Flashcards

1
Q

Normal depends on

A
  • species
  • breed
  • age
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2
Q

Spongy bone aka…

A
  • trabecular bone
  • cancellous bone
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3
Q

Osteon

A
  • Sits around haversion canal
  • Run legthwise along the bone
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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • line bony trabeculae
  • build new bone
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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • multinucleated cells
  • break down bown
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6
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • sit in lacunae (one osteocyte/lacuna)
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7
Q

Formation

Intramembranous ossification

A
  • flat bones (skull)
  • no growth plates
  • fibrous connective tissue - osteoid secreted into membrane - entrapped osteoblasts become osteocytes - form woven bone and periosteum - final layer of compact bone
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8
Q

Formation

endochondral ossification

A
  • Long bones
  • require growth plates
  • predominantly inc in length
  • hyaline cartilage model - primary ossification center (periosteum surrounding) - secondary ossification center at end - physeal plate - articular cartilage
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9
Q

Growth plate function requires

A
  • Angiogenesis
    • needs adequately mineralized colagen/cartilage
    • needs adequate blood vessel quality
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10
Q

Diseases and effect on bone growth

A
  • Achondroplasia: effects early stages of cartilage
  • Rickets: effects later stages of cartilage and zone of calcification
  • Osteogenesis Imperfecta: failure to properly ossify
  • Osteopetrosis: failure to remodel
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11
Q

Greenstick fracture

A
  • incomplete fracture in young animals
  • better prognosis
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12
Q

Comminution

A

multiple fragments

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13
Q

displacement

A

how has distal part moved compared to proximal

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14
Q

OLD ACID

A

O: open vs closed

L: location

D: degree (complete vs incomplete)

A: articular extension

C: comminution / pattern

I: intrinsic bone quality (pathologic fracture)

D: Displacement, Angulation, Rotation

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15
Q

Fractures: Healing

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilagenous callus
  3. Bony Callus
  4. Remodeling
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16
Q

Salter Fracture

A
  • fractures through a growth plate
  • can induce growth deformities
  • classified by fracture location
17
Q

Saltr types

A
  • Type 1 : straight
  • Type 2: Above
  • Type 3: Lower
  • Type 4: Through
  • Type 5: Crush (worst prognosis)
18
Q

Other diseases

A
  • dysplasias
  • metabolic bone dz
  • mescellaneous
19
Q

Dysplasias

A
  • Craniomandibular osteopathy (and similar)
    • primarily Westies and Scotties
    • Autosomal recessive
    • 3-7 mo stops at 11-13 mo
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta
    • defect in matrix synthesis (ie: type 1 collagen)
    • characterized by excessive bone fragility: fractures
  • Osteopetrosis
    • failure of bone remodeling
    • inc bone density
  • Chondrodysplasia
    • not just one syndrome
    • Achondroplasia
    • disproportionate dwarfism (snorter calf)
  • Osteoporosis
    • bone loss = resportion > formation
    • Disuse, malnutrition, corticosteroids
    • susceptible to fx
20
Q

Osteopenia

A

Less trabeculae

before osteoperosis

21
Q

Metabolic bone diseases

Scurvey

A
  • only exists in species lacking L-gulonolactone oxidase
    • guinea pigs
    • peeps (humans)
  • Path
    • lack vitamin C - dec lysine and proline hydroxylation in collagen - impaired collagen synthesis - weakened vessel walls and physeal cartilage deformity - periarticular hemorrhage and osteochondrodysplasia
22
Q

Metabolic bone diseases

Fibrous osteodystrophy

A
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism
    • functional parathyroid adenomas
    • parathyroid hyperplasia
  • Secondary hyperparathyroidism
    • Ca:P imbalance in feed
    • kidney dz

*big head/bran head in horses

*rubber jaw in dogs

*fibrous connective tissue deposition to stabilize bones that lack Ca

23
Q

Metabolic bone diseases

Rickets

A
  • Defect in endochondral ossification
  • only in young animals
  • deficiency of vitamin D or phospohrus

*rikettic rosary: widening of costo-condral junction along ribs forming beads

24
Q

Hypertrophic osteopathy

A
  • Periosteal proliferation
  • due to intrathoracic mass (sometimes intraabdominal)
  • joints not involved
  • etiology unclear
    • cutting vagal nerve, makes it go away…..

*big, thick bones on palpation

25
Q

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

A
  • (metaphyseal osteopathy)
    • ‘double physeal line’
    • young dogs
    • acute inflammation in primary spongiosa
    • necrosis of osteoblasts

*better prognosis than hypertrophic osteopathy

26
Q

Eosinophilic panosteitis

A
  • modeling of medullary cavity
  • patchy increased radiodensity of legs
  • presentation
    • shifting leg lameness
    • spontaneously resolves on own
27
Q

Legg-Perthes Disease

A
  • Avascular necrosis of femoral head
  • small-breed dogs
  • occurs prior to physeal closure 4-11 months
28
Q

Osteomyelitis

A
  • serious
  • Number of possible causes
    • surgery
    • penetrating wound
    • fractures
    • hematogenous spread
    • dental dz (chihuahua)
  • treatment difficult
    • hard to get antibiotics into bone (low blood supply)
  • can be acute or chronic

*lumpy jaw in cattle

*pig turbinate destroyed

29
Q

common place for sepsis lesions in young animals

A

physis

-hairpin turn of vessels there

*foals and cows

30
Q

Neoplasia

Osteoma

A
  • benign bone tumor
    • rare
31
Q

Neoplasia

Osteosarcoma

A
  • pathologic fracture common
  • away from the elbow, towards the knee
    • proximal humerus, distal radius
    • distal femur, proximal tibia
  • doesn’t cross joings

*different than osteosarc in peeps

32
Q

multilobular tumor of bone

A
  • disease of flatbones
  • alternating of cartilage and bones

*difficult to remove

33
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A
  • soft tissue opacity on rads
  • difficult to see/dx
34
Q

Osteochondromatosis

A
  • benign masses
  • proliferation of growth plate cartilage
  • grow with skeleton
  • unsightly
35
Q

Multiple myeloma

A
  • neoplasms of plasma cell
  • produce bents jones protein in urine
  • multi-focal invasion of bone
36
Q

Lymphosarcoma on cytology

A
  • high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
  • little blue cytoplasm
  • mitotic figures
  • HUGE lymphocytes

2nd path test (10 decks)

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