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2nd path test > Liver (Dark) > Flashcards

Liver (Dark) Flashcards

1
Q

animal with no gall bladder

A

horse

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2
Q

Special in pig livers…

A

fibrous tissue outlining lobules

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3
Q

Portal triad

A
  • bile ductule
  • arteriole
  • venule
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4
Q

acinus

A
  • bile secreting unit
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5
Q

lobule

A
  • blood filtering units
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6
Q

blood flow in liver

A
  • from portal tracts through the liver to the center
    • centrilobular area has least amount of oxygen
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7
Q

Functions of liver

A
  • filters blood
  • clotting factors
  • toxin breakdown
  • breakdown ammonia
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8
Q

Clinical signs of liver dz

A
  • icterus: bilirubin build up
  • neuro signs: ammonia build up
  • bleeding: lack clotting factors
  • edema: hypoproteinemia
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9
Q

Bilirubin breakdown

A
  • Red blood cells get old and eaten by macrophages
  • Hemoglobin extracted (conserves Iron)
  • Heme broken down to biliverdin => Green
  • Unconjugated bilirubin excreted from macrophage goes into blood stream => yellow
  • Unconjugated bilirubin gets bound to albumin and carried to liver
  • conjugated in liver
  • excreted into bile and then into intestines
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10
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

Increased production

A
  • hemolysis
  • congenital defect in bilirubin conjugation
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11
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

Decreased excretion

A
  • hepatic dysfunction
  • cholestasis
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12
Q

Hemolysis

Intravascular

A
  • Leptospira sp
  • babesia sp
  • acetaminophen
  • snake venoms
  • transfusion reaction
  • RBC fragmentation
  • hypoosmolarity
  • phosphofructokinase deficiency

*Serum is going to look red

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13
Q

Hemolysis

Extravascular

A
  • Cytauxzoon sp
  • Eperythrozoon sp
  • Mycoplasma hemofelis
  • IMHA
  • Neoplasia
  • RBC fragmentation

*serum will look icteric

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14
Q

Extrahepatic cholestasis

Causes

A
  • Choleliths
  • Cholecystitis
  • biliary neoplasia
  • clonorchis sp
  • eurytrema sp
  • metorchis sp
  • platynosum sp
  • mucocele
  • pancreatic dz
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15
Q

Extrahepatic cholestasis

CS

A
  • depression
  • dehydration
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • anorexia
  • abdominal pain
  • icterus
  • gray feces!
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16
Q

pancreatitis and cholestasis

A
  • bile duct connects to pancreatic duct before entering duodenum
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17
Q

If hollow organs look like bubble wrap

A
  • cystic mucosal hyperplasia
18
Q

Fibrosis in liver is in….

A

Centrilobular area

19
Q

Blood leaves the liver by

A

central vein

20
Q

If there is an obstruction of the vena cava the first place in the liver that will be effected

A

centrilobular area

21
Q

Causes of Chronic passive congestion

A
  • anything that obstructs the vena cava
    • pheochromocytoma
    • heart failure
    • heart worm
22
Q

Accentuated reticular pattern

A
  • white spots
  • caused by
    • chronic passive congestion
    • HCM
23
Q

Why infarcts rare in liver

A
  • blood supply from 2 different places
    • portal circulation
    • arterial circulation: hepatic artery
24
Q

causes infarcts

A
  • Severe thrombotic/embolic dz
    • salmonella
      • throwing thrombi
    • neoplasia
    • parasites
25
Q

histo changes with PSS

A
  • redundant arterioles
  • lobular disorganization
  • oval cell hyperplasia
  • lypogranuloma

*these changes due to lack of bloodflow to liver, can’t dx source of shunt on histo

26
Q

Intrahepatic PSS

A
  • failure of ductus venosis to close in fetus
  • usually found in large dogs
  • can be macro or micro vascular
27
Q

Extrahepatic PSS

A
  • usually in small breed dogs
  • portal vein to azygous
  • portal vein to vena cava
  • gastric vein to vena cava
    • common in cats
  • atresia of portal vein
28
Q

PSS

CS

A
  • depression
  • anorexia
  • vomiting
  • CNS signs
  • Dec BUN, elevated ammonia
29
Q

acquired PSS

A
  • Chronic hepatic injury with diffuse fibrosis
    • portal hypertension
    • shunt vessels form to allow blood in portal vein to bypass liver
  • Ascites: inc hydrostatic pressure
30
Q

PSS

DX

A
  • CT I think
  • nuclear scintigraphy

*NOT: looking blindly

31
Q

causes of big liver

A
  • caval syndrome
  • heart failure
32
Q

Steroid hepatopathy

A
  • can be diagnostic for cushings
  • also happens in dogs that get steroids
    • tell pathologist if you gave someone steroids
33
Q

Lipid

(lipidosis, fatty change)

A
  • Physiologic
    • late pregnancy, lactation
  • Pathologic
    • inc synthesis (fatty acids, tryglycerides)
    • inc lipolysis and uptake free fatty acids
    • dec fatty acid oxidation
    • dec apoprotein synthesis
    • dec lipoprotein excretion
34
Q

Feline Fatty Liver Syndrome

A
  • idiopathic hepatic lipidosis in cats
  • typical cats are obese and anorexic
  • hepatic failure, icterus, and hepatic encephalopathy
  • consequence of a number of diseases
35
Q

Causes of necrosis

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • toxins
  • bact/virus infection
  • carbon tetrachloride
  • some plant in horses
36
Q

FIP tends to be

A
  • perivascular
  • feline enteric coronavirus-mutated form
  • accumulation of globulins
  • wet form
    • lots of transudate with proteinaceous fluids
  • dry form
    • just the granulomas
37
Q

Toxins

A
  • Intrinsic toxins-produce consistant hepatotoxicity
    • pyrrolizidine alkaloids, aflatoxins
  • Idiosyncratic toxins-produce sporadic hepatotoxicity
    • NSAIDS, anesthetics, anticonvulsants
  • Toxins are commonly processed in the liver
    • process called biotransformation
      • can actually activate instead of inactivate
38
Q

Bedlington terriers

A
  • copper storage dz
    • lyses and releases, picked up by neighboring hepatocyte
  • hemoglobinuria
39
Q

Cancer

A
  • never a right answer
  • each cancer has a different behavoirs
40
Q

If tumor is a metastasis from elsewhere

A

could be anything

41
Q

Epithelial cell tumors

A
  • benign
    • add ‘oma’ to end of cell prefix
  • malignant
    • add ‘carcinoma’ after cell prefix
42
Q

Mesenchymal cells tumors

A
  • benign
    • add ‘oma’ to end of cell prefix
  • malignant
    • add ‘sarcoma’ after cell prefix

2nd path test (10 decks)

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