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Human Anatomy > Study Guide - Lecture Test 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide - Lecture Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Location & function of Chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells found within small space called lacunae

Maintain matrix

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2
Q

Location & function of Chondroblast

A

Produce matrix cartilage
Become chondrocytes when completely surrounded by matrix

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3
Q

Location & function of Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Found in the endosteum, inner layer of periosteum, central canals

Differentiate into osteoblasts

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4
Q

Location & function of Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cells

Line endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

Add to bone matrix

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5
Q

Location & function of Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cells

Located in lacunae

Maintain bone matrix

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6
Q

Location & function of Osteoclast

A

Bone dissolving microphages

Remove bone matrix

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7
Q

Functions of bones

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Hemopoiesis
Storage of minerals and energy reserves

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8
Q

Structure of long bones

A

Diaphysis
-elongated, cylindrical shaft
-walls composed of compact bone
-provides leverage and weight support

Epiphysis
-expanded end
-spongy bone tissue surrounded by thin layer of compact bone
-attachment for ligaments and tendons

Metaphysis
-region between epiphysis and diaphysis
-contains epiphyseal plate/line

Medullary cavity
-central cavity of diaphysis
-filled with yellow bone marrow

Endosteum
-covers internal surfaces of bone

Epiphyseal plate
-growth plate
-becomes epiphyseal line when ossified

Articular cartilage
-hyaline cartilage
-provides smooth surface for joint

Periosteum
-fibrous connective tissue covering outer bone surface

Nutrient foramen
-allows blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels to enter/leave bone

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9
Q

What is the main inorganic material in bone matrix?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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10
Q

What is the main protein in bone matrix?

A

Collagen

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11
Q

What is the structural unit of spongy bone? Compact bone?

A

Spongy bone - trabeculae
Compact bone - osteon

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12
Q

Structure of the Osteon

A

Central Canal
-carries nerves/blood vessels

Lamellae
-concentric rings of bone matrix surrounding central canal

Osteocytes
-within lacunae between adjacent lamellae

Canaliculi
-small canals between lacunae
-nutrients diffuse from central canal through canaliculi to surrounding osteocytes

Perforating Canals
-transverse passages
-contain blood vessels and nerves

Circumferential lamellae
-rings of bone just internal to periosteum or endosteum

Interstitial lamellae
-leftover parts of osteons that have been partially reabsorbed

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13
Q

Describe how blood vessels enter bone and reach medullary cavity

A

Enters the bone through nutrient foramen

Via perforating and central canals to medullary cavity

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14
Q

Where is yellow marrow found in adult bones? Where is red marrow located?

A

Yellow bone marrow
- medullary cavity

Red bone marrow in children
-spongy bone and medullary cavity

Red bone marrow in adults
-flat bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hip bones

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15
Q

Name and describe the 2 types of bone formation (ossification).

A

Intramembranous Ossification
-produces flat bones of skull and clavicle
-begins as a fibrous sheet

Endochondral Ossification
-bone develops from hyaline cartilage
-six weeks fetal development to early 20s
-most bones develop this way

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16
Q

What is the difference between appositional growth, interstitial growth and bone
remodeling?

A

Appositional growth
-bone widening and thickening

Interstitial growth
-bone elongation
-occurs at epiphyseal plate

Remodeling
-reshaping of bones due to mechanical stress
-absorption of old bone and deposition of new bone

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17
Q

What are the actions of calcitonin and parathyroid hormones?

A

Calcitonin
-secreted by Thyroid gland
-stimulates osteoblast activity
-decreases blood Calcium

Parathyroid hormone
-stimulates bone reabsorption by osteoclasts
-increases blood Calcium

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18
Q

What is the difference between pathological and stress fractures?

A

Pathological
-due to weakening of the bone causes by disease or osteoporosis

Stress
-caused by abnormal trauma to the bone

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19
Q

Be able to identify a bone as part of the axial or appendicular skeleton. Be careful
about the scapula, clavicle, hyoid and coxal bones.

A

Axial
-skull
-vertebral column
-thoracic cage
-hyoid

Appnedicular
-pectoral girdle
-pelvic girdle
-scapula
-clavicle
-coxal bones
-upper and lower extremities

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20
Q

How many bones in typical adult?

A

206

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21
Q

Know how many bones in each region particularly # facial bones, # cranial bones, #
vertebrae in adult (total and by region), # vertebrae in child (total and by location).

A

Axial
-80 bones

Appendicular
-126 bones

Skull
-8 cranial
-14 facial

Vertebral Column - child
-33 total
-7 cervicle
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-4 coccygeal

Verterbral column - adult
-26 total
-1 sacrum
-1 coccyx

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22
Q

Know location of cranial bones and bones of orbit. Examples: Which bones form the
skull cap or the floor of the cranium? Which bones form the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Cranial bones - roof
-squamous part of frontal bone
-parietal bones
-squamous part of occipital bone

Cranial bones - floor
-ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital and temporal

Orbit bones - medial wall
-maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid

Orbit bones - lateral wall
-zygomatic bone, sphenoid bone, frontal bone

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23
Q

Location/functions of paranasal sinuses

A

Located within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

Reduce weight of skull

Resonate voice

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24
Q

What are fontanels? Functions?

A

Connective tissue membranes that cover the gaps between developing cranial bones

Permits molding during birth and accomodates rapid growth of brain

Ossification complete by 18-24 months

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25
Q

Unique feature of hyoid?

A

Does not articulate with any other bone

26
Q

Normal and abnormal curvatures

A

Normal
-Thoracic and pelvic curvature, present at birth
-Cervical and lumbar, develop after birth

Abnormal
-Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature
-Kyphosis: abnormal posterior thoracic curvature
-Lordosis: abnormal anterior lumbar curvature

27
Q

Know unique features of each type vertebrae; difference between vertebral foramen and intervertebral foramen

A

Intervertebral foramen - between two vertebra. Allows nerves to exit/enter vertebral canal

Vertebral foramen - forms canal

Intervertebral discs - shock absorbers

Cervical vertabrae
-Transvere foramen
-Atlas
-Axis

Thoracic vertebrae
-Costal facets
-Spinous process is relatively pointed
-Giraffe head

Lumbar vertebrae
-Thick body
-Blunt spinous process
-Moose head

Sacrum
-5 fused vertebrae
-Being fusing around age 16, completed by 26
-Articulates with hip bones

Coccyx
-4 fused vertebrae

28
Q

Differences between types of ribs.

A

True ribs
-first 7 pairs
-connect to sternum via costal cartilage

False ribs
-pairs 8-12
-indrect attachment

Floating ribs
-pairs 11 and 12
-do not attach to sternum

29
Q

Joints of pectoral girdle. What joint attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton?

A

Sternoclavicular joint
-medial end of clavicle with sternum
-attaches upper limb to axial skeleton

Acromioclavicular joint
-later end of clavicle with scapula

Glenohumeral joint
-scapula with humerus

30
Q

How many bones in each region of upper and lower extremities? (# carpal,
metacarpal, tarsal, metatarsal bones, phalanges – thumb/big toe?)

A

Upper: 30
-Humerus, radius, and ulna
-Carpal, 8 bones
-Manus, 19 bones
-Metacarpal, 5 bones
-Phalanges, 14 bones

Lower: 30
-Femur, patella, tibia and fibula
-Tarsal, 7 bones
-Pes, 19 bones
-Metatarsal, 5 bones
-Phalanges, 14 bones

31
Q

Pelvic girdle – bones that fuse together, inlet, outlet, difference between male and
female.

A

3 fused bones - ilium, ischium, pubis
Inlet - opening circumscribed by pelvic brim
Outlet - inferior opening bounded by coccyx. ischial tuberosity, and inferior border

Female - wider; shallower. Larger pevlic inlet and oulet

Male - narrower; deeper. Smaller pelvic inlet and outlet

32
Q

Describe polydactyly, syndactyly and clubfoot

A

Polydactyly - extra finger or toes

Syndactyly - webbed digits

Clubfoot - feet are adducted and planter flexed with soles turned medially

33
Q

Name/location of carpal bones

A

trapzium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

34
Q

Name/location of tarsal bones

A

calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform

35
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

Synarthrosis - little or no movement at joint
Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
Diathrosis - freely moveable

36
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

Fibrous joint - bones held together by fibrous connective tissue

Cartilaginous joint - bones joined by cartilage

Synovial joint - fluid-filled joint cavity separates cartilage-covered articulating surfaces

37
Q

Description/ location of different types of fibrous joints

A

Gomphoses
-tooth to socket
-held in place by periodontal membrane
-some movement due to stress of chewing

Sutures
-immobile fibrous joint
-interlocking irregular edges of bone held together by short collagen fibers of dense regular connective tissue
-joints may ossify
-between bones of skull

Syndesmoses
-amphiarthroses
-long collagen fibers of dense regular connective tissue bind two bones
-interosseous ligaments
-radius/ulna
-tibia/fibula

38
Q

Description/ location of different types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondrosis
-synarthroses
-hyaline cartilage between bone elements
-epiphyseal plate
-first rib/sternum

Symphyses
-amphiarthroses
-fibrocartilage between bone resists compression and tension; acts as shock absorber
-pubic symphisys, intervertebral discs

39
Q

What is unique about synovial joints? Describe main features of a typical synovial
joint

A

ALL diarthrodial joints

Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Fat pads
Bursa
Fibrocartiage pads

40
Q

Describe the 6 types of synovial joints

A

Plane
-articulating surfaces flat
-uniaxial joint: side to side movement
-between carpal or tarsal bones

Hinge
-convex surface of one bone fits into concave depression on another bone
-uniaxial joint: flexion/extension
-knee, elbow, interphalangeal joints

Pivot
-rounded surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone
-uniaxial joint: rotation
-between axis and atlas

Condylar
-oval, convex surface on one bone articulates with concave surface of second bone
-biaxial joint: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
-metacarpophalangeal joints (fingers 2-5)

Saddle
-articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions
-multiaxial
-carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Ball-and-Socket
-spherical articulating head of one bone fits into rounded cup of second bone
-multiaxial joint: 3 axes; mostly freely moveable
-glenohumeral joint; hip joint

41
Q

Unique features/location of temporomandibular joint, glenohumeral joint, hip joint,
knee joint and ankle joint

A

Temporomandibular joint
-articular disc: allows TMJ to be both a hinge joint and gliding joint

Glenohumeral joint
-most freely moveable joint
-supported by tendons on all side by anterior

Hip joint
-round ligament

Knee joint
-most complex joint
-cruciate ligements - limit anterior/posterior movements
-menisci - stabilize medially and laterally

Ankle joint
-2 joints in one capsule
-tibia and talus
-fibula and talus

42
Q

Connective tissue associated with fibers, fascicles and muscle

A

Endomysium
-surround individual muscle fibers

Perimysium
-bundles muscle fibers into fascicles

Epimysium
-fibrous sheath that surrounds entire muscle

43
Q

Define tendon, aponeurosis, origin and insert.

A

Tendon - usually thick, cordlike structure that attaches muscle to bone

Aponeurosis - thin, flat tendon sheet

Origin (older term) - muscle attachment on less moveable bone

Insertion (new term) - muscle attachment on move moveable bone

44
Q

Structure of thin filament

A

Thin filament
-actin - binding site for myosin

-tropomyosin - covers the active sites on actin, preventing myosin from biding to actin

-troponin complex - calcium binding site, allows myosin to bind to actin

45
Q

Structure of thick filament

A

-composed of several hundred myosin

-during contraction myosin heads bind to actin and form crossbridges

46
Q

Structure of A band and I band

A

A band (darker)
-length of thick filament
-contains entire thick filament and some of the thin filament

I band (lighter)
-contains only portions of thin filament

47
Q

Which proteins are contractile proteins; which are regulatory proteins?

A

Regulartory - tropomyosin and troponin complex

Contractile - myosin and actin

48
Q

Functions of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), t-tubules, mitochondria

A

SR
-surrounds myofibrils, stores Calcium

T-Tubules
-quickly transports a muscle impulse from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber

Mitochondria
-produce ATP

49
Q

Describe the structure of the neuromuscular junction and general function of each
part, as appropriate. What occurs here?

A

Motor nuerons
-skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by somatic motor neurons

Synaptic knob
-enlargement at axon terminal
-contains synaptic vesicles filled with ACh

Motor-end Plate
-folds of sarcolemma directly beneath the synaptic knob
-contains receptors for ACh
-contains AChE

Synaptic cleft
-narrow space between synaptic knob and junction folds

Schwann cell
-covers NMJ; isolates from surrounding fluids

50
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by motor neuron?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

51
Q

What part of the peripheral nervous system innervates skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Somatic Nervous System

52
Q

What is a motor unit? What muscles might have small innervation ratios (size of
motor unit); which might have large innervation ratios (motor units)?

A

Motor unit - single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

Small innevation ratios
-eyes

Large innevation ratios
-biceps brachii

53
Q

What is the function of Ca+2?

A

To bind to troponin so binding sites on actin are exposed

54
Q

What needs to happen for a muscle to relax?

A

-motor neuron stops releasing ACh
-stimulation of muscle fiber stops

-Calcium ion is pumped back into SR
-troponin-tropomyosin move back into a position to cover myosin binding site
-actin-myosin no longer interact

55
Q

Differences between isotonic, isometric, eccentric and concentric contractions

A

Isotonic - tension generated is equal or greater than the resistance

Concentric - muscle actively shortens during contraction

Eccentric - muscle actively lengthens during contraction

Isometric - length of muscle does not change

56
Q

Atrophy verses hypertrophy

A

Atrophy
-wasting of tissue that results in reduction in muscle size, tone, and power

Hypertrophy
-increase in muscle size due to increase in number of myofibrils within each fiber

57
Q

Define agonist, antagonist, prime mover, and synergist

A

Agonist
-prime mover
-produces main force of action

Antagonist
-opposes prime mover
-antagonistic pair - act on opposite sides of joint

Synergist
-aids prime mover
-stabilizes join

58
Q

Review structure of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues

A

Skeletal
-multinucleated
-striated
-voluntary
-abundant SR
-extensive t-tubules
-sacromeres

Smooth
-single nucleus
-no striations
-almost no SR
-no t-tubules
-no sacromeres
-involuntary

Cardiac
-single nucleus
-striated
-intercalated discs
-moderate SR
-extensive t-tubules
-sacromeres
-involuntary

59
Q

What muscle make up the rotator cuff? hamstrings? quadriceps femoris?

A

Rotator cuff
-supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Hamstrings
-biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous

Quadriceps Femoris
-rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

60
Q

Function of rotator cuff muscles?

A

Help stabalize the shoulder

61
Q

Events at the NMJ

A
  1. Nerve signal arrives at the synaptic knob.
  2. Synaptic vesicles release ACh.
  3. ACH diffuses across the synaptic cleft
  4. ACh binds to its receptor on the motor-end plate.
  5. ACh-R binding initiates an action potential on the sarcolemma.
62
Q

Steps of excitation-contraction cycle

A

Steps of excitation-contraction cycle
1. Action Potential travels along sarcolemma and down t-tubules
2. SR releases Ca+2 into cytoplasm
3. Ca+2 binds to troponin and the troponin-tropomyosin complex shifts position
exposing the myosin binding site on actin
4. Myosin binds to actin
5. Pi is released from myosin head
6. Myosin flexes, pulling thin filament toward center of sarcomere
7. ADP is released from myosin head
8. ATP bind to myosin head and it detaches from actin
9. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi and myosin head “recocks”
10.Myosin head binds to next actin
11.Cross-bridge cycling continues as long as Ca+2 is present

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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