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Lecture Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Endocrine - ductless glands that secrete hormones into blood or surrounding fluids

Exocrine - Produce secretions that are transported through ducts

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2
Q

What is a mixed gland?

A

Have both endocrine and exocrine functions

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3
Q

Growth hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - promotes tissue growth and cellular differentiation

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4
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones (primarily T4)

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5
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoid

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6
Q

Follice Stimulating Hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function (male) - stimulates sperm productions

Function (female) - stimulates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates estrogen secretion

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7
Q

Luteinizing Hormone/Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

A

Location - anterior pituiary

Function (male) - stimulate interstitial cells in testies to secrete testosterone

Function (female) - stimulates ovulation; stimulates formation/maintenance of coprus luteum in ovary

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8
Q

Prolaction

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - stimulates lactation in post-partum females

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9
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - stimulates melanocytes of skin

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10
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Location - posterior pituitary

Function - regulates blood pressure; causes kidneys to reabsorb water forming a more concentrated urine; vasoconstriction

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11
Q

Ocytocin

A

Location - posterior pituitary

Function - stimulates uterine contractions; milk ejection from mammary glands

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12
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Location - thyoid gland (follicular cells)

Function - sets cellular basal metabolic rate

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13
Q

Calcitonin

A

Location - thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)

Function - lowers serum calcium levels

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14
Q

Parathyroid hormone (chief cells)

A

Location - parathyroid gland

Function - raises serum calcium levels

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15
Q

Glucagon

A

Location - pancreatic islets (alpha cells)

Function - stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose; raises blood glucose levels

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16
Q

Insulin

A

Location - pancreatic islets (beta cells)

Function - promotes cellular uptake of glucose; lowers blood glucose levels

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17
Q

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

A

Location - adrenal cortex

Function - promotes renal Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

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18
Q

Glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, cortisol)

A

Location - adrenal cortex

Function - anti-inflammatory; stimulates fat and protein breakdown to raise blood glucose and fatty acid levels

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19
Q

Gonadcorticoids (androgens)

A

Location - adrenal cortex

Function - secretes androgens (DHEA and testosterone)

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20
Q

Epinephrine (85%) and Norepinephrine (15%)

A

Location - adrenal cortex

Function - effects similar to stimulating SNS; moblize glucose and fatty acids

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21
Q

Estrogen

A

Location - ovary - ovarian follicle (weeks 1 & 2)

Function - stimulates development and function of secondary sex organs and characteristics; repair and growth of endometrium

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22
Q

Inhibin

A

Location - female - ovary - ovarian follicle (weeks 1 & 2)

Location - male - testis - sustentacular cells

Function - inhibits FSH secretion

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23
Q

Estrogen (corpus luteum)

A

Location - corpus luteum (weeks 3 & 4)

Function - stimulates growth of endometrium

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24
Q

Progesterone

A

Location - corpus luteum (weeks 3 & 4)

Function - stimulates formation of uterine glands in endometrium

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25
Testosterone
Location - testis (interstitial cells) Function - stimulates development and function of secondary sex organs and sex characteristics
26
Melatonin
Location - pineal gland Function - thought to function in setting biological rhythms
27
Renin
Location - kidney Function - initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
28
Erythropoietin
Location - kidney Function - Stimultes red blood cell production in bone marrow
29
Naturetic peptide
Location - cardiac atria Function - increases sodium excretion by kidney to lower blood volume and pressure
30
Thymosin
Location - thymus Function - stimulates production and activity of T lymphocytes
31
Leptin
Location - adipose Function - long-term appetite regulation
32
Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus influences the secretion of regulatory hormones from the anterior pituitary
33
Inhibiting/Releasing hormones
Corticotropin - releasing hormone; secretes ACTH Gonadotropin - releasing hormone; secretes FSH & LH Growth hormone - releasing hormone; secretes GH Prolactin- releasing factor; secretes prolactin Thyrotropin - releasing hormone; secretes TSH Growth hormone - inhibiting hormone; inhibits GH Prolactin - inhibiting hormone; inhibits prolactin
34
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system and anterior pituitary hormones.
Anterior pituitary is linked to hypothalamus via hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system Portal system - 2 capillary beds in series 1st set - in hypothalamus 2nd set - in anterior pituitary
35
Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.
Posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via fiber tracts Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract -neuron cell bodies in hypothalamus -axon terminals in posterior pituitary ADH and Oxytocin are stored in synaptic vesicles of axon terminals within posterior pituitary gland Hormones are secreted when neurons within hypothalamus are stimualated
36
Describe the two main hormones that regulate blood glucose, what stimulates their secretion and actions of each hormone.
Alpha cells - Glucagon -secreted when blood glucose levels decrease below normal values -raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis, gluconeogenisis and release of glucose into blood Beta cells - Insulin -secreted when blood glucose levels increase above normal levels -lowers blood glucose levels by increasing cellular uptake, utilization and storage of glucose
37
Describe the composition of plasma
Plasma - mixture of water, proteins and solutes Serum - plasma without clotting proteins
38
Composition of formed elements
Formed elements (45% of whole blood) -erythrocytes 44% -leukocytes, platelets <1%
39
What is the typical pH of blood?
Acidic 0-7 Alkaline 7-14 Typical - 7.35-7.45
40
What are the general functions of blood?
Transportation -CO2 and O2 -Nutrients, waste products, and hormones Regulation -body temperature -buffers to stabilize blood pH -platelets, clotting factors to prevent fluid loss Protection -leukocytes and antibodies
41
What is the main component of plasma?
Water
42
Know the % and functions of plasma proteins
Albumin - 58% -osmotic pressure, transport protein, pH buffer Globulins - 37% -alpha/beta - transport proteins -gamma - antibodies Fibrinogen - 4% -inactive clotting protein Regulatory protein - <1% -enzymes, pro-enzymes, hormones
43
What organ/cells makes the various plasma proteins?
Liver -albumin -alpha and beta globulins -fibrinogen RER -plasma proteins Lymphocytes -antibodies
44
What is serum?
Plasma without clotting proteins
45
Know total blood volume and cell counts
Total blood volume: 4-6 liters RBCs - 5 million mm3 WBCs - 4500 - 11000 mm3 Platelets - 150,000 - 400,000
46
Know general functions of each formed element.
RBCs - transport respiratory gases WBCs - contribute to immune response and defense against pathogens Platelets - help initaite blood clotting
47
Describe the structure and know specific functions of Neutrophil
Light pink granules Nucleus has 3-5 lobes Phagocytic cells 50-70% Produce peroxidase in repsonse to bacterial infection
48
Describe the structure and know specific functions of Lymphocyte
Spherical nucleus Light blue cytoplasm 20-40% Secrete antibodies Coordinate activity of other immune cells
49
Describe the structure and know specific functions of Monocyte
Variable nuclear shape Light blue cytoplasm 2-8% Tissue macrophage
50
Describe the structure and know specific functions of Eosinophil
Red granules Bilobed nucleus 1-4% Allergic responses; parasitic infections
51
Describe the structure and know specific functions of Basophil
Dark blue granules .5-1% Secrete heparin - anticoagulant Secrete histamine - vasodilator
52
Describe structure and function of platelets
Fragments of megakaryocytes 150,000-400,000 Life span - 10 days Destroyed by liver and spleen Aid in homeostasis Secrete vasoconstrictors
53
Describe structure of RBC and Hb.
RBC -biconcave disc -anucleate -lacks many organelles Hemoglobin -red pigmented protein -4 polypepties each with a heme group -Iron ion in middle of heme group reversibly binds O2 Each cell contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
54
What is the stimulus for RBC formation? What hormone is involved? RBC life cycle?
Erythropoiesis - stimulates production of RBCs Occurs in red bone marrow Short life span - 120 days -with age, RBCs become more fragile -1% moved from circulation each day -phagocytized by cells in liver and spleen
55
Be able to recognize a blood type by the presence or absence of an antigen.
Type A -Antigen A, Anti-B antibodies Type B -Antigen B, Anti-A antibodies Type AB -Antigens A&B, no antibodies Type O -No antigens, Anti-A and Anti B antibodies Rh positive -surface antigen D, no anti-D antibodies Rh negative -No surfance antigen D, no anti-D antibodies unless eposed to Rh positive
56
Know blood flow through heart and lungs
Systemic veins IVC/SVC Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Trunk Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Capillaries Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Systemic arties Aorta
57
General function of valves. Describe the structure of AV and semilunar valves.
Keep blood flowing in one direction AV -valve leaflets -tendinous cords -papillary muscles Semilunar -3 half-moon cusps
58
Know what causes valves to open and close. Be specific. for example, right AV valve opens when pressure in the RA is greater than the pressure in the RV.
Atrial P > Ventricular P = AV valves open Ventricular P > Atrial P = AV valves close Ventricular P > Blood P in Pulmonary trunk or Aorta = semilunar valves open Ventricular P < Blood pressure = semilunar valves close
59
Structure of pericardium
Parietal pericardium - outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue Visceral pericardium - serous membrane on surface of heart Percardial cavity - space between parietal and visceral; contains pericardial fluid to reduce friction
60
Function/location of fibrous pericardium.
Double wall sac surrounding the heart Restricts heart movement; prevents overfilling of heart
61
What creates 1st and 2nd heart sound?
1st heart sound - closure of AV valves 2nd heart sounds - closure of semilunar valves
62
Name the circulation the sends blood to the heart muscle. Name and know general location of the major arteries/veins involved.
Coronary circulation Left coronary artery -anterior interventricular artery -circumflex artery Right coronary artery -right marginal artery -posterior interventricular artery Venous drainage -cardiac veins parallel arteries -great cardiac vein -veins empty into coronary sinus -returns blood to right atrium
63
Describe the conducting system of the heart. What is its function?
Ensure efficient pumping of blood Sinoatrial node Internodal pathways Atrioventricular node R&L bundle branches Purkinje fibers
64
What is a functional syncytium? What structural feature permits the heart to act as a unit?
Ability of cardiac muscle to function as single, coordinated unit due to presence of intercalated discs
65
Describe the innervation of heart. What is autorhythmicity?
Dually innervated by ANS SNS -innervates SA and VA nodes and ventricular muscle -increases heart rate and contractile strength PNS -innervates SA and AV nodes -decreases heart rate Autorhythmicity - heart can initiate a heatbeat without external nerves
66
Describe the ECG and state what is occurring during the main waveforms.
ECG records electrical heart activity Wave forms: P wave - atrial depolarization - initiates muscle contraction (systole) QRS Complex - ventricular depolarization T Wave - ventricular repolarization - initates muscle relaxation (diastole)
67
Define the term cardiac cycle, diastole, and systole.
Cardiac cycle - one complete cycle of contraction and relaxtion Systole - contraction of heart chamber; heart ejects blood into next chamber of blood vessel Diastole - relaxation phase of a heart chamber; chamber fills with blood
68
Structure of blood vessel walls.
Tunica intima - endothelium -simple squamous epithelium overlying a tin layer of areolar connective tissue Tunica media -circularly arranged smooth muscle and elastic fibers -sympathetic nervous system innervation Tunica Externa -areolar connective tissue -helps anchor vessel to other structure
69
Difference between arteries, veins and capillaries – structure/function
Arteries -thick tunica media -relatively small lumen -arteries get smaller as they move away from heart Capillaries -only tunic intima -permits rapid diffusion of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues Veins -thick tunica externa -relatively large lumen -veins merge together and get larger as they move toward the heart -valves
70
Different types of arteries.
Elastic -largest arteries -aorta, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac and pulmonary trunk -conducting arteries -elastic fibers permit stretching Muscular -distributing arteries -distribute blood to specific organs -renal, inferior mesenteric, radial -thicker tunica media Arterioles -sympathetic innervation of tunica media -vasoconstriction decreases blood flow and raises blood pressure -vasodilation increases blood flow -resistance vessels
71
Structure of capillary beds.
Originate from metarterioles -very short vessels -link arterioles to capillaries Smooth muscle forms precapillary spincter -contraction of spincter reduces or shuts off flow through capillary bed
72
Types of capillaries and their locations.
Continuous -adjacent endothelial cells joined by tight junctions Fenestrated -filtration pores -kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestines Sinusoids -large spaces between endothelial cells -bone marrow, spleen, liver
73
What helps blood return to heart from toes?
Valves
74
What are diastolic and systolic blood pressures?
Systolic - highest arterial blood pressure Diastolic - lowest arterial blood pressure
75
Know the anatomy and function of the hepatic portal system.
Venous network that drains GI tract and shunts blood to liver mesenteric/spenic/gastic veins --> hepatic potal vein --> liver --> hepatic veins --> IVC
76
Which vessel are involved in blood flow to/from brain?
Internal carotid arteries Vertebral arteries Basilar artery Cerebral arterial circle Internal jugular vein External jugular vein
77
Know features of fetal circulation and how they change after birth.
Foramen ovale - forms fossa ovalis right after birth Ductus arteriosus - forms ligamentum ateriosum 10 hours post partum Ductus venosus, umbilical arteries and umbilical vein constrict and form ligaments
78
What is lymph?
Clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma but low in proteins
79
Functions of lymphatic system?
Transport body fluids and help body fight infections Fluid Recovery - return interstitial fluid to circulation Immunity - transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins from intestinal villus of small intestine to the bloodsteam
80
Describe lymphatic capillaries.
Closed-ended tubes interspersed among most blood capillary networks Simple squamous epithelium, no basement membrane Lacteals - lymphatic capillaries in small intestines
81
What is the function of the thymus?
Develop T lymphocytes
82
What is the function of the spleen?
Largest lymphatic organ Monitors blood for pathogens Remove old RBCs Red pulp -concentration of RBCs -blood reservoir White pulp -lymphocytes and macrophages -monitor blood for foreign materials, bacteria, and foreign antigens
83
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Most numerous lymphatic organ Filters lymph Initial immune response Site of lymphocyte activation
84
What is the function of tonsils?
Guard against inhaled and ingested pathogens
85
Into what vessels do the lymphatic ducts return lymph so the fluid re-enters systemic circulation?
Subclavian veins

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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