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Human Anatomy > Study Guide - Lecture Test 1 > Flashcards

Study Guide - Lecture Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of structural organization in order?

A

Chemical - involves atoms and molecules
Cellular - consists of cells which are the basic structural and functional unit of life
Tissue - group of similar cells that unite to perform a particular function
Organ - structure composed of two or more tissue types
Organ system - group of organs that work together to accomplish a common function
Organismal - 11 organ systems make up a human being

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2
Q

Function and organs of Integumentary System

A

Function - protective covering, synthesizes vitamin D, sensory receptors, temperature regulation
Organs - skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands

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3
Q

Function and organs of Skeletal System

A

Function - framework, protects soft organs, muscle attachment sites, site of hemopoiesis
Organs - bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments

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4
Q

Function and organs of Muscular System

A

Function - movement, body posture, produces heat
Organs - muscles

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5
Q

Function and organs of Nervous System

A

Function - responds to sensory stimuli, controls body movement, helps control all other systems
Organs - brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

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6
Q

Function and organs of Endocrine System

A

Function - secrete hormones, regulate growth, reproductive functions
Organs - glands that secrete hormones

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7
Q

Function and organs of Cardiovascular System

A

Function - heart moves blood through vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and picks up waste
Organs - heart, blood vessels

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8
Q

Function and organs of Lymphatic System

A

Function - transports and filters lymph, involved in immunity
Organs - lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs

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9
Q

Function and organs of Respiratory System

A

Function - responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs
Organs - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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10
Q

Function and organs of Digestive System

A

Function - mechanically and chemically digest food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products
Organs - oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

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11
Q

Function and organs of Urinary System

A

Function - filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine
Organs - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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12
Q

Functions and organs of Reproductive System

A

Function - produces sex cells and hormones
Organs - testes, scrotum, penis, assessory glands, duct system, ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva

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13
Q

Coronal (frontal) Plane

A

Divide body into anterior/posterior

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14
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Superior/Inferior parts

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15
Q

Median (midsagittal) Plane

A

Equal halves

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16
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

Unequal left and right parts

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17
Q

Oblique Plane

A

On an angle

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18
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front

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19
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back

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20
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back side

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21
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the belly side

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22
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head

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23
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to the feet

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24
Q

Caudal

A

At the rear or tail end

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25
Cranial
At the head end
26
Rostral
Toward the nose or the mouth
27
Medial
Toward the midline
28
Lateral
Away from the midline
29
Ipsilateral
On the same side
30
Contralateral
On the opposite side
31
Deep
On the inside
32
Superficial
On the outside
33
Proximal
Closest to point of attachment to trunk
34
Distal
Furthest from point of attachment to trunk
35
Dorsal (posterior) Body Cavities
Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity
36
Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
37
Thoracic Cavity
Mediastinum Pericardium Pleura
38
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity
39
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right Hypochondriac Right lumbar Right iliac Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Left Hypochondriac Left lumbar Left iliac
40
Location and names of serous membranes
Pericardial - pericardium Pleural - pleura Abdominal - peritoneum Pelvic - peritoneum
41
Methods of study
Inspection - looking at the surface; physical exam Palpation - feeling a structure with hands Auscultation - listening to normal sounds of body's internal structures Percussion - tapping sharply on the chest or abdomen to detect resonating vibrations Dissection - cutting and separating of tissues
42
Name the 4 basic tissue types
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
43
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
-One or more cell layers -Closely adheared cells; minimal amount of matrix -Avascular -Apical surface -Attached to a basement membrane -High regeneration capacity
44
List and define the specialized junctions of epithelial tissue
Tight junction - completely adheres each cell to its neighbor; force most substances to move through cells; not between Adhering junction - formed comlpetely around cell; ultra-strong tight junction Desmosomes - Adhering spot; provides resistance to mechanical stress; prevents cells from being pulls apart Gap junctions - fluid-filled pore formed by transmembrane proteins; allows small molecules and ions to move from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the adjacent cell
45
Simple Squamous Epithelium Description and location
Single layer, flat cells Location - aveoli, endothelium
46
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer, cube shaped Location - kidney tubules, ducts
47
Simple Columnar Epithelium Description and location
Single layer, tall cells Location - lining intestines and stomach
48
Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Description and location
Single layer, tall cells, cilia Location - uterine tubes, larger bronchioles
49
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Multiple layers, apical cells squamous Location - oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
50
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Single layer, nuclei at various levels, cilia Location - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
51
Transitional Epithelium Description and location
Appearance varies Location - urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra
52
Types of glands
Endocrine - secretes hormone diretly into blood Exocrine - secretes products into duct that empties onto a surface Mixed - produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions
53
Characteristics of connective tissue
Cells - each type of connective tissue contains specific types of cells Protein fibers - Collagen:tough and strong Elastic:flexibile and resiliant Reticular:form interwoven framework Ground substance - nonliving gelatinous material produced by CT cells Extraceullar matrix - fibers and ground substance
54
Areolar Tissue Description and location
-Loosely organized fibers -Binds epithelium to deeper tissues; packs around organs -Found throughout the body; dermis; around nerves, blood vessels, muscle cells
55
Adipose Tissue Function and location
-Adipocytes -Stores energy, protection, insulation -Subcutaneous fat, breasts, around eyes, kidneys, and heart
56
Reticular Tissue Function and location
-Meshwork of reticular fibers and fibroblasts -Forms structural framework of lymphatic organs -Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow
57
Dense Regular Connective Tissue Function and location
-Collagen fibers parallel and closely packed -Resists stress in one direction -Tendons and ligaments
58
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Function and location
-Random arrangement of fibers -Resists stress in all directions -Dermis; periosteum, protective joint capsules, organ capsules
59
Elastic Tissue Function and location
-Many elastic fibers with densely packed collagen fibers -Allows stretching of some organs -Vocal cords, large and medium atrial walls
60
Four types of membranes
Mucous - epithelial Serous - epithelial Cutaneous - epithelial Synovial - non-epithelial
61
Mucous membrane Function and location
-Contains goblet cells that secrete mucous -Lines tubes or cavities open to the outside of the body -Protection, secretion and absorption
62
Serous membrane Function and location
-Line cavities not open to the outside and cover organs -Two membrane sheets: visceral (covers organs) and parietal (lines cavity) -Some cells secrete thin, water lubricant -Reduces friction between visceral and parietal membranes
63
Cutaneous membrane Function and location
-Keratinized stratified squamous - epidermis -Areolar and dense irregular CT - dermis -Protect internal organs; prevent water loss
64
Synovial membrane Location and function
-Line joint cavities -Secrete senovial fluid to reduce friction and distribute nutrients
65
Smooth muscle
-Myocytes -Single nucleus -Not striated -Involuntary -Walls of hollow organs -Flat sheets
66
Skeletal muscle
-Muscle fibers -Multinucleated -Striated -Voluntary -Moves skeleton at joints and under skin
67
Cardiac muscle
-Myocytes -Branched -Single nucleus -Striated -Intercalated disks -Involuntary rhythmic -Heart wall
68
Types of nervous tissue cells
Neurons -large cells -detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit information Neuroglia -many, tiny cells -support and bind nuerons together
69
Function and location of nervous tissue
Function - internal communications Location - brain, spinal cord, nerves
70
Charateristics of neuron
Cell body (soma) - contains nucelus and most organelles; processes stimuli Dendrites - short branched processes; receive stimuli and conduct small electrical signals toward cell body Axon - long nerve cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body
71
What are the two layers of the Integumentary System?
Epidermis and dermis
72
Integument functions
Protection Prevention of water loss Thermoregulation Metabloic regulation Immune defense Sensory reception Excretion
73
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium
74
What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial
Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum
75
Difference between thin and thick skin
Thick -Contains stratum lucidum -Lacks hair and sebaceous glands -Located on palms, soles, and digits
76
Factors that contribute to color
Hemoglobin - red pigment of blood; carries oxygen Melanin - brownish black pigment and reddish yellow pigment Carotene - yellow orange pigment
77
Abnormal skin colors
Cyanosis - blueness; lack of oxygen Erythema - redness; increased blood flow Pallor - pale; reduced blood flow Albinism - white hair and pale skin; genetic lack of melanin Jaundice - yellowing Hematoma - bruise
78
Skin markings
Mole - localized overgrowth of melanin forming cells Freckle - localized excess melanocyte activity Hemangioma - proliferation of blood vessels Friction ridges - found on fingers, palms, soles, toes
79
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer - areolar tissue Reticular layer - dense irregular connective tissue
80
How does the epidermis get nutrients?
Capillary tuft in each papilla supplies nutrients
81
What are lines of cleavage?
Orientation of collage fiber bundles
82
Where is subcutaneous layer found and what is another name of this layer?
Deep to the dermis. Hypodermis
83
What type of connective tissues are predominant in the hypodermis?
Areolar and adipose tissues
84
Function of hypodermis
Binds the dermis to deeper tissue Pads and protects body parts Thermal insulation
85
Zones of hair and locations of each
Hair bulb - swelling at the base where the hair originates in the epidermis Hair root - portion of the hair deep to the skin surface Hair shaft - portion of hair that extends beyond the skin surface
86
Glands assocaited with skin
Sweat glands -Aporcrine sweat gland - produce viscous, complex secretion -Merocrine sweat gland - produce nonviscous, watery secretion Sebaceous glands - produce oily solution Other glands -Ceruminous -Mammary
87
Distinguish between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns
1st degree - only epidermis; redness, pain 2nd degree - epidermis and part of dermis; blistered and painful 3rd degree - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer - often destroyed
88
Rule of 9's
Used to estimate surface area of a burn to determine the amount of fluid replacement. The body is divided into areas representing 9% or multiples of 9%
89
Types of skin caner
Basal Cell Carcinoma -most common type -originates in stratum basale -usually on face Squamous Cell Carcinoma -arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum -usually on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand Malignant Melanoma -most deadly type -arises from melanocytes -signs of melanoma using ABCDE rule A-asymmetry B-border C-color D-diameter E-evolving

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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