Study Guide - Lecture Test 1 Flashcards
What are the levels of structural organization in order?
Chemical - involves atoms and molecules
Cellular - consists of cells which are the basic structural and functional unit of life
Tissue - group of similar cells that unite to perform a particular function
Organ - structure composed of two or more tissue types
Organ system - group of organs that work together to accomplish a common function
Organismal - 11 organ systems make up a human being
Function and organs of Integumentary System
Function - protective covering, synthesizes vitamin D, sensory receptors, temperature regulation
Organs - skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands
Function and organs of Skeletal System
Function - framework, protects soft organs, muscle attachment sites, site of hemopoiesis
Organs - bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments
Function and organs of Muscular System
Function - movement, body posture, produces heat
Organs - muscles
Function and organs of Nervous System
Function - responds to sensory stimuli, controls body movement, helps control all other systems
Organs - brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Function and organs of Endocrine System
Function - secrete hormones, regulate growth, reproductive functions
Organs - glands that secrete hormones
Function and organs of Cardiovascular System
Function - heart moves blood through vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and picks up waste
Organs - heart, blood vessels
Function and organs of Lymphatic System
Function - transports and filters lymph, involved in immunity
Organs - lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs
Function and organs of Respiratory System
Function - responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs
Organs - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Function and organs of Digestive System
Function - mechanically and chemically digest food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products
Organs - oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
Function and organs of Urinary System
Function - filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine
Organs - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions and organs of Reproductive System
Function - produces sex cells and hormones
Organs - testes, scrotum, penis, assessory glands, duct system, ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva
Coronal (frontal) Plane
Divide body into anterior/posterior
Transverse Plane
Superior/Inferior parts
Median (midsagittal) Plane
Equal halves
Parasagittal Plane
Unequal left and right parts
Oblique Plane
On an angle
Anterior
Toward the front
Posterior
Toward the back
Dorsal
Toward the back side
Ventral
Toward the belly side
Superior
Closer to the head
Inferior
Closer to the feet
Caudal
At the rear or tail end
Cranial
At the head end
Rostral
Toward the nose or the mouth
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Ipsilateral
On the same side
Contralateral
On the opposite side
Deep
On the inside
Superficial
On the outside
Proximal
Closest to point of attachment to trunk
Distal
Furthest from point of attachment to trunk
Dorsal (posterior) Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardium
Pleura
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right Hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Right iliac
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Left Hypochondriac
Left lumbar
Left iliac
Location and names of serous membranes
Pericardial - pericardium
Pleural - pleura
Abdominal - peritoneum
Pelvic - peritoneum
Methods of study
Inspection - looking at the surface; physical exam
Palpation - feeling a structure with hands
Auscultation - listening to normal sounds of body’s internal structures
Percussion - tapping sharply on the chest or abdomen to detect resonating vibrations
Dissection - cutting and separating of tissues
Name the 4 basic tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
-One or more cell layers
-Closely adheared cells; minimal amount of matrix
-Avascular
-Apical surface
-Attached to a basement membrane
-High regeneration capacity
List and define the specialized junctions of epithelial tissue
Tight junction - completely adheres each cell to its neighbor; force most substances to move through cells; not between
Adhering junction - formed comlpetely around cell; ultra-strong tight junction
Desmosomes - Adhering spot; provides resistance to mechanical stress; prevents cells from being pulls apart
Gap junctions - fluid-filled pore formed by transmembrane proteins; allows small molecules and ions to move from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the adjacent cell
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Description and location
Single layer, flat cells
Location - aveoli, endothelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer, cube shaped
Location - kidney tubules, ducts
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Description and location
Single layer, tall cells
Location - lining intestines and stomach
Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Description and location
Single layer, tall cells, cilia
Location - uterine tubes, larger bronchioles
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Multiple layers, apical cells squamous
Location - oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Single layer, nuclei at various levels, cilia
Location - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
Transitional Epithelium
Description and location
Appearance varies
Location - urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra
Types of glands
Endocrine - secretes hormone diretly into blood
Exocrine - secretes products into duct that empties onto a surface
Mixed - produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions
Characteristics of connective tissue
Cells - each type of connective tissue contains specific types of cells
Protein fibers -
Collagen:tough and strong
Elastic:flexibile and resiliant
Reticular:form interwoven framework
Ground substance - nonliving gelatinous material produced by CT cells
Extraceullar matrix - fibers and ground substance
Areolar Tissue
Description and location
-Loosely organized fibers
-Binds epithelium to deeper tissues; packs around organs
-Found throughout the body; dermis; around nerves, blood vessels, muscle cells
Adipose Tissue
Function and location
-Adipocytes
-Stores energy, protection, insulation
-Subcutaneous fat, breasts, around eyes, kidneys, and heart
Reticular Tissue
Function and location
-Meshwork of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
-Forms structural framework of lymphatic organs
-Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Function and location
-Collagen fibers parallel and closely packed
-Resists stress in one direction
-Tendons and ligaments
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Function and location
-Random arrangement of fibers
-Resists stress in all directions
-Dermis; periosteum, protective joint capsules, organ capsules
Elastic Tissue
Function and location
-Many elastic fibers with densely packed collagen fibers
-Allows stretching of some organs
-Vocal cords, large and medium atrial walls
Four types of membranes
Mucous - epithelial
Serous - epithelial
Cutaneous - epithelial
Synovial - non-epithelial
Mucous membrane
Function and location
-Contains goblet cells that secrete mucous
-Lines tubes or cavities open to the outside of the body
-Protection, secretion and absorption
Serous membrane
Function and location
-Line cavities not open to the outside and cover organs
-Two membrane sheets: visceral (covers organs) and parietal (lines cavity)
-Some cells secrete thin, water lubricant
-Reduces friction between visceral and parietal membranes
Cutaneous membrane
Function and location
-Keratinized stratified squamous - epidermis
-Areolar and dense irregular CT - dermis
-Protect internal organs; prevent water loss
Synovial membrane
Location and function
-Line joint cavities
-Secrete senovial fluid to reduce friction and distribute nutrients
Smooth muscle
-Myocytes
-Single nucleus
-Not striated
-Involuntary
-Walls of hollow organs
-Flat sheets
Skeletal muscle
-Muscle fibers
-Multinucleated
-Striated
-Voluntary
-Moves skeleton at joints and under skin
Cardiac muscle
-Myocytes
-Branched
-Single nucleus
-Striated
-Intercalated disks
-Involuntary rhythmic
-Heart wall
Types of nervous tissue cells
Neurons
-large cells
-detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit information
Neuroglia
-many, tiny cells
-support and bind nuerons together
Function and location of nervous tissue
Function - internal communications
Location - brain, spinal cord, nerves
Charateristics of neuron
Cell body (soma) - contains nucelus and most organelles; processes stimuli
Dendrites - short branched processes; receive stimuli and conduct small electrical signals toward cell body
Axon - long nerve cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body
What are the two layers of the Integumentary System?
Epidermis and dermis
Integument functions
Protection
Prevention of water loss
Thermoregulation
Metabloic regulation
Immune defense
Sensory reception
Excretion
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
Difference between thin and thick skin
Thick
-Contains stratum lucidum
-Lacks hair and sebaceous glands
-Located on palms, soles, and digits
Factors that contribute to color
Hemoglobin - red pigment of blood; carries oxygen
Melanin - brownish black pigment and reddish yellow pigment
Carotene - yellow orange pigment
Abnormal skin colors
Cyanosis - blueness; lack of oxygen
Erythema - redness; increased blood flow
Pallor - pale; reduced blood flow
Albinism - white hair and pale skin; genetic lack of melanin
Jaundice - yellowing
Hematoma - bruise
Skin markings
Mole - localized overgrowth of melanin forming cells
Freckle - localized excess melanocyte activity
Hemangioma - proliferation of blood vessels
Friction ridges - found on fingers, palms, soles, toes
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer - areolar tissue
Reticular layer - dense irregular connective tissue
How does the epidermis get nutrients?
Capillary tuft in each papilla supplies nutrients
What are lines of cleavage?
Orientation of collage fiber bundles
Where is subcutaneous layer found and what is another name of this layer?
Deep to the dermis. Hypodermis
What type of connective tissues are predominant in the hypodermis?
Areolar and adipose tissues
Function of hypodermis
Binds the dermis to deeper tissue
Pads and protects body parts
Thermal insulation
Zones of hair and locations of each
Hair bulb - swelling at the base where the hair originates in the epidermis
Hair root - portion of the hair deep to the skin surface
Hair shaft - portion of hair that extends beyond the skin surface
Glands assocaited with skin
Sweat glands
-Aporcrine sweat gland - produce viscous, complex secretion
-Merocrine sweat gland - produce nonviscous, watery secretion
Sebaceous glands - produce oily solution
Other glands
-Ceruminous
-Mammary
Distinguish between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns
1st degree - only epidermis; redness, pain
2nd degree - epidermis and part of dermis; blistered and painful
3rd degree - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer - often destroyed
Rule of 9’s
Used to estimate surface area of a burn to determine the amount of fluid replacement. The body is divided into areas representing 9% or multiples of 9%
Types of skin caner
Basal Cell Carcinoma
-most common type
-originates in stratum basale
-usually on face
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
-arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
-usually on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand
Malignant Melanoma
-most deadly type
-arises from melanocytes
-signs of melanoma using ABCDE rule
A-asymmetry
B-border
C-color
D-diameter
E-evolving
