Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Anatomy > Lecture Test 5 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological divisions of the respiratory system.

A

Conducting divison
-air passages
-nose –> terminal bronchioles

Respiratory divsion
-gas exchange
-respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anatomical divisions of the respiratory system.

A

Upper respiratory tract
-respiratory organs in head and neck
-nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

Lower respiratory tract
-respiratory organs in chest
-larynx –> alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differences between pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal
respiration.

A

Pulmonary ventilation - the act of breathing; 2 cycles: inhalation and exhalation

External respiration - exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood; oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide enters alveoli to be exhaled

Internal respiration - exchange of gases between blood and tissues; oxygen enteres tissues and carbon dioxide enters blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is involved in conditioning air before it reaches the alveoli? Where does
most of this conditioning occur?

A

Air is warmed, humidified, and filtered

This occurs in the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Know organs air must pass through to reach the alveoli. Be specific: name regions
of pharynx, types of bronchi and bronchioles…)

A

Nose
Paranasal sinuses
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchus
Secondary bronchus
Tertiary bronchus
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What types of epithelium line the various organs? (regions of pharynx, trachea,
etc.)

A

Nasopharynx - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Oropharynx - nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithelium

Laryngopharynx - nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithelium

Trachea - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Larger bronchi - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Smaller bronchi - simple columnar epithelium

Larger bronchioles - simple ciliated columnar epithelium

Smaller bronchioles - simple cuboidal epithelium

Respiratory bronchioles - simple cuboidal epithelium

Alveolar ducts - simple squamous epithelium

Alveoli - simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name and locate the main cartilages of larynx.

A

Thyroid cartilage - lateral and anterior walls

Cricoid cartilage - inferior to thyroid cartilage

Epiglottis cartilage - anchored to inner thyroid cartilage and projects into pharynx

Arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilage - located internally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Function of epiglottis.

A

Keeps solid and liquid materials out of airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of tracheal cartilage.

A

Keep the airway open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 components of the respiratory membrane.

A

Squamous (type 1) alveolar cell
Basement membrane
Capillary endothelial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of different cell types in alveoli: type I, type II, alveolar macrophage.

A

Type I - simple squamous; promotes rapid gas diffusion

Type II - secretes surfactant and prevents alveolar collapse with expiration

Macrophage - phagocytizes dust, debris, bacteria, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Know which direction O2 and CO2 move across respiratory membrane.

A

O2 diffuses into blood; CO2 diffuses into alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Location of pleurae, function of pleural cavity and pleural fluid.

A

Visceral pleura - serous membrane that covers lung surface

Parietal pleura - serious membrane that lines cavity walls

Pleural cavity - space between the pleural membranes; contains pleural fluid

Pleural fluid - reduces friction during breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Muscles of inspiration (unforced/forced)?

A

Unforced
-diaphragm - phrenic nerve
-external intercostal muscles

Forced
-scalene muscles, sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscles of expiration (unforced/forced)?

A

Unforced
-diaphragm
-external intercostal muscles

Forced
-internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Functions and locations of DRG, VRG, pneumotaxic center and apneustic center.

A

Dorsal Resipiratory Group (medulla)
-intergrating center
-receives input from PRG, chemoreceptors, irritant receptors
-relays input to VRG

Ventral Respiratory Group (medulla)
-primary pacemaker for respiratory rhythm
-controls both inspiration and exhalation

Pontine Respiratory Group (pons)
-regulates shift from inspiration to expiration
-makes breathing faster/slower; deeper/shallower
-adapts breathing to circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are other factors that can regulate breathing?

A

Central chemoreceptors
-medulla

Peripheral chemoreceptors
-aortic and carotid bodies
-glossopharyngeal nerve sends information from carotid bodies to medulla
-vagus nerve sends information from aortic bodies to medulla

Stretch receptors
-excessive inflation of lungs sends inhibitory signals to DRG to stop inspiraton
-vagus nerve

Irritant receptors
-stimulate coughing, shallow breathing, breath holding when an irritant is inhaled
-vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume,
residual volume, vital capacity and total lung capacity.

A

Tidal volume (500 mL)- volume moved in and out of the lungs during quiet breathing

Inspiratory reserve (3000 mL) - volume that can be inhaled during forced breathing + tidal volume

Expiratory reserve (1000 mL) - volume that can be exhaled during forced breathing + tidal volume

Vital capacity (4500 mL) - maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath

Residual volume (1500 mL) - volume that cannot be exhaled

Total lung volume (6 L) - VC + RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define apnea, dyspnea, eupnea, and orthopnea.

A

Apnea - cessation of breathing

Dyspnea - subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing

Eupnea - normal quiet breathing

Orthopnea - inability to breath confortably while lying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List a few non-respiratory air movements.

A

Coughing, hiccuping, laughing, sneezing, yawning, signing, crying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Know the organs, in order, that make up the alimentary canal. (include regions of
organs)

A

Oral cavity (mouth)
Pharynx (throat)
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Be able to identify the accessory organs of alimentary canal

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver and gallbladder
Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical - breaks down food into small pieces by chewing

Chemical - enzymatic breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

List and define the functions of the digestive system.

A

Indigestion - intake of food

Digestion - breakdown of food

Propulsive movements - swallowing

Secretion - mucus, digestive enzymes, bile

Absorption - uptake of nutrients; occurs primarily in small intestine

Compaction - absorb water, consolidate indigestible residue; occurs in large intestine

Defecation - elimination of feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What bones make up the hard palate?
Maxilla and palatine bones
26
What is the function of the soft palate and uvula?
Helps retain food in mouth before swallowing Prevents ingested material from entering nasal region
27
Name and locate tonsils. What is their function?
Palatine Tonsil -posterior, lateral oral cavity -monitor ingested food and drink for antigens -initiates an immune response Lingual Tonsil -posterioinferior surface
28
Name and location of salivary glands. What is the function of saliva?
Function -moistens, cleanses and lubricates structures and membranes in oral cavity -contains antibodies and antibacterial substances -contains enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion -moistens food and helps form bolus -dissolves molecules for taste Parotid glands Submandibular glands Sublingual glands
29
Epithelium of pharynx.
Nasopharynx - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Oropharynx - stratified squamous epithelium Laryngopharynx - Stratified squamous epithelium
30
Name and locate membranes of abdominal cavity.
Parietal peritoneum - lines the wall of the cavity Visceral peritoneum - covers organs Peritoneal cavity - between parietal membranes
31
List from superficial to deep the layers of esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
Serosa Muscularis Submucosa Mucosa
32
Blood vessels that supply certain regions of GI tract.
Celiac trunk - supplies blood to liver, pancreas, stomach Superior mesenteric artery - small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, first 2/3 of transverse colon Inferior mesenteric artery - last 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal Hepatic portal system - venous drainage of GI tract ultimately drains into hepatic portal vein
33
Innervation of GI tract. Location and function of each branch of the enteric nervous system.
Cranial nerves -tongue movements, mastication, and initiation of swallowing -hypoglossal, trigeminal, vagus, glossopharyngeal Autonomic Nervous System -Parasympathetic nervous system (Vagus) --stimulates secretions, motility and relaxes sphincters -Sympathetic nervous system --inhibits secretions, motility and stimulates sphincters Enteric Nervous System -extensive network -two networks --submucosal plexus (glandular secretion) --myenteric plexus (motility)
34
Modifications of mucosa and sub-mucosa of small intestines. Function of these?
Circular folds - slows movement through small intestine
35
Location and function of a lacteal.
Located in small intestines Used in the absorption of dietary lipids and fat soluble vitamins
36
Name, function and location of sphincters. Difference in internal and external anal sphincter.
Located in anal canal Internal anal sphincter - involuntary External anal sphincter - voluntary
37
Name and functions of cells within gastric glands
Mucous cells Stem cells Parietal cells - HCl and intrinsic factors Cheif cells - pepsinogen Enteroendocrine cells - secrete hormones that regular digestion
38
Main functions of different regions of small intestine. What is the shortest segment?
Duodenum (10") -receives chyme from stomach, pancreatic juices, and bile Jejunum (8') -site of most digestion and absorption Ileum (11') -circular muscle thickens to form ileocecal valve
39
Unique structural features of large intestines.
Taeniae coli - 3 muscle band that runs length of colon Haustra - bulges in colon wall Appendix - lymphatic organ Rectum Anal canal
40
Functions of large intestine.
Compaction -absorb water -consolidate indigestible residue and undigested food -absorption of salts, some vitamins
41
What is the largest digestive organ?
Liver
42
Name for liver cells? Describe structure and function of hepatic lobule.
Hepatocytes; structural and functional units of liver Structure: Hepatic plates radiate from central vein Portal triad on periphery -hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct Hepatic sinusoids Bile canaliculi
43
Describe blood supply to liver.
Receives blood from hepatic artery (30%) and hepatic portal vein (70%) Hepatic veins direct blood to IVC
44
Where are Kupffer cells found?
Sinusoids
45
Describe structure and list functions of liver.
Falciform ligament - separates right and left lobes Porta Hepatis - region where hepatic artery and portal veins enter liver Hepatic portal vein - carries blood from stomach, inestines, spleen to liver Produces bile Filters blood Detoxifies drugs and toxins Deactivates hormones Synthesizes most blood proteins Lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism
46
Describe structure and list functions of gallbladder.
Thin walled muscular sac Cystic duct Bile passages Stores and concentrates bile
47
Trace pathway for bile from cells that form it to the small intestine
Hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct Cystic duct and common hypatic duct merge to form common bile duct Common bile duct to hepatopancreatic ampulla
48
What is the digestive function of the pancreas?
Secrete pancreatic juice
49
List organs of the urinary system
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
50
List functions of the urinary system.
Filters plasma Regulates osmolarity Regulates blood volume Hormonal regulation of blood pressure Secretes eryhthropoetin Contributes to calcium homeostasis Aids in acid/base balance Detoxifies free radicals and drugs Helps support blood glucose levels during starvation Excretion of nitrogenous wastes Storage and excretion of urine
51
Location of kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder.
Kidneys - against posterior wall of abdominal cavity; retroperitoneal Ureters - Retroperitoneal; attachs to inferior and posterior aspect of bladder Bladder - Posterior to pubic symphysis and anterior to rectum
52
Describe regions anatomy of kidney.
Renal cortex Renal medulla --renal pyramids --renal columns Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis
53
Know renal circulation. What is the difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta (location/blood flow)? What type of capillaries is found in the glomerulus?
Abdominal aorta Renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar artery Arcuate artery Interlobular artery Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta Interlobular vein Arcuate vein Interlobal vein Renal vein IVC Only 1-2% of blood flow enter vasa recta 98-99% flow through peritbular capillaries
54
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
55
What structure makes up the renal corpuscle? Describe. What occurs here?
Glomerulus and Bowman Capsule Glomerular filtration
56
List in order the parts of the nephron the filtrate will pass through in order to reach a collecting duct.
Proximal convoluted tubule Nephon loop - descending and ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct
57
What is the difference between a cortical and juxtaglomerular nephron?
Cortical -glomerulus just beneath renal capsule -short nephron loop Juxtaglomerular -glomerulus near medulla -long nephron loop that extends into renal pyramids -only 15% of nephrons
58
What processes are involved in urine production?
Glomular filtration -filtrate moves out of glomerulus into capsular space Tubular reabsorption -from filtrate into blood of peritubular capillaries Tubular secretion -from blood in peritubular capillaries into filtrate
59
Describe the components, location and function of the JG apparatus.
Found where distal convoluted tubule contacts the afferent arteriole Macula densa - monitors flow and composition of filtrate within distal nephron Juxtaglomerular cells - secrete renin
60
Function of ureters.
10" musuclar tubes Peristaltic contractions move urine toward urinary bladder - NOT GRAVITY
61
Function of urinary bladder. Type of epithelial tissue that lines urinary bladder. Name muscle layer.
Function - store urine Muscular sac - detrusor muscle Mucosa: transitional epithelium
62
Differences in male and female urethra.
Female -about 1.5" -external orifice between clitoris and vaginal opening -transports urine Male -about 8" -3 regions -transports urine and semen
63
Differences between the internal/external anal sphincters.
Internal - smooth muscle External - skeletal muscle
64
Know flow of urine.
Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra
65
Differences between primary and secondary sex organs.
Primary -Male: testes -Female: ovaries Secondary -Male: ducts, glands, penis -Female: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
66
Know how to distinguish between different types of follicles and oocytes. Know what type of oocyte is in a particular type of follicle.
Primordial follicle -primary oocyte surrounds by single layer of flattened cells Primary follicle -forms from a maturing primordial follicle -primary oocyte surrounded by 1 layer of granulosa cells -zona pellucida forms -some mature into secondary follciles; some undergo atresia Secondary follicle -primary oocyte surround by several layers of granulosa cells -thecal cells develop on periphery of follicle -follicle beings to respond to FSH and LH Antral follicle -primary oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiate -antrum develops -20 days before ovulation 1 becomes dominant; others die -dominant follicle develops into mature follicle Mature follicle -large antrum -secondary oocyte arrested in metphase II and polar body surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiata -bulging from ovarian surface
67
Hormones secreted by granulosa (granular) cells of follicle and corpus luteum and time frame of secretion.
Days 1-13, granulosa cells secrete estrogen Days 15-28, granulsa cells change into corpus luteum and secrete both estrogen and progesterone
68
3 phases of ovarian cycle: time frame (days), major events.
Follicular phase: days 1-13 FSH and LH stimulate that dominant antral follicle to become mature follicle Ovulation: day 14 LH surge, release of secondary oocte Luteal phase: days 15-28 Granulosa cells change into corpus luteum; secretes estrogen and progesterone
69
Define menarche, perimenopause and menopause.
Menarche - first occurance of menstration Perimenopause - period of time before menopause; estrogen and progesterone levels drop Menopause - maturation of follicles and ovulation have stopped; estrogen and progesterone levels decline
70
Fallopian tubes: regions, epithelial tissue lining tube
Infundibulum - funnel shaped opening Fimbriae - lined with ciliated epithelium
71
Location of fertilization
Proximal 1/3 of uterine tube
72
Regions and locations of uterus.
Tilts foward over the urinary bladder Fundus Body Cervix
73
Layers and functions of endometrium.
Stratum basale - rengerates stratum functionalis Stratum functionale - shed as menses Myometrium - smooth muscle
74
What hormones affect the endometrium during wk 1-2 and 3-4.
Week 1-2: estrogen Week 3-4: progesterone
75
What causes menses?
The secondary oocyte is not fertilized, causing progesterone levels to drop. The funtional layer drops off as menstration
76
Describe the structure of the vagina.
Tubular, fibromuscular organ 3.6" vaginal orifice to cervix Fornix Vaginal rugae Vaginal orifice Hymen
77
Give location of all structures of the vulva
Mons pubis Labia majora and minora Vaginal vestibule Clitoris Vestibular bulbs Vestibular glands
78
Hypothalamic hormone? It’s function?
GnRH - stimulates anterior pituitary to produce and secrete FSH and LH
79
Pituitary hormones? Main functions of each?
FSH - stimulates development and maturation of ovarian follicles LH - stimulates ovulation
80
Phases of uterine cycle: time frame, main events.
1-5 Menstrual cycle -menstruation -caused by drop in estrogen and progesterone 5-14 Proliferative phase -estrogen -mitotic repair of endometrium 15-28 Secondary phase -estrogen and progesterone -increased blood flow to uterine lining -increased glandular secretions
81
Function and structure of scrotum.
Pouchlike structure behind the penis Supports and protects testes Median septum - isolates testes to prevent spread of infection Dartos muscle - within wall of scrotum Cremaster muscle - surrounds spermatic cord
82
Muscles associated with scrotum. Function?
When temp is warm: -dartos and cremaster relax -testes move away from body When temp is cold -cremaster pulls testes closed to body -dartos holds testes against body wall
83
Structures within spermatic cord.
Ductus deferens Blood vessels Nerves Lymphatics Cremaster muscle
84
Function of seminiferous tubules, sustentacular cells, and interstitial cells.
Seminiferous tubules -location of meiosis Sustentacular cells -line tubular walls -aid spermatogensis Interstitial cells -between seminiferous tubules -secrete testosterone
85
Difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.
Spermatogenesis - the transformation of germ cells into spermatozoa Spermiogenesis - spermatids differentiate into mature sperm
86
Parts of a sperm.
Head -haploid nucleus -acrosome: lysosomal cap containing enzymes used to penetrate the egg Midpeice - mitochondria around filament core Tail - flagellum
87
Functions/locations of epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles and prostate.
Epididymis - maturation and storage of sperm Ductus Deferens - witinin spermatic cord Ejaculatory duct - forms by union of ductus deferens and duct of seminal vesicle Seminal vesicles - behind bladder - secrete alkaline fluid that contributes to motility of sperm Prostate - beneath bladder -secretes alkaline fluid that assists sperm motility
88
List tubes sperm must past through when exiting the body.
Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Ductus Deferens Ejaculatory Ducts Urethra
89
Describe the composition of semen
3-5mL Alkaline fluid 2-5% sperm 25-30% prostatic fluid 65-75% seminal vesicle fluid 50-120 million/mL
90
What is the difference between erection and ejaculation?
Erection - parasympathetic NS Ejaculation - sympathetic NS

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions