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Radiology 122 > Study Guide Large Intestine > Flashcards

Study Guide Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

The large intestine begins in what region?

A

right iliac

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2
Q

The large intestine has how many parts?

A

4

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3
Q

What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?

A

cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

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4
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

5 ft

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5
Q

How many layers does the large intestine have?

A

4

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6
Q

What is the external band of longitudinal muscle that forms into 3 thickened bands?

A

taeniae coli

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7
Q

One band is positioned ____ and two are positioned_____.

A

anteriorly, posteriorly

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8
Q

Taeniae Coli bands create a pulling muscle tone that creates pouches called?

A

haustra

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9
Q

The main functions of large intestine are?

A

reabsorption of fluids and elimination of waste products

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10
Q

What is a pouchlike portion of the large intestine that is below the ileum and colon?

A

Cecum

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11
Q

What is attached to the posteromedial side of the cecum and is a wormlike narrow tube?

A

vermiform appendix

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12
Q

What is below the junction of the ascending colon and cecum?

A

ileocecal valve

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13
Q

The colon is subdivided into what sections?

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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14
Q

What passes superiorly from its junction with the cecum to the undersurface of the liver and joins the transverse colon?

A

ascending colon

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15
Q

What is the most movable, the longest portion of the colon?

A

transverse

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16
Q

The ascending colon makes a right angle forming the?

A

right colic flexure

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17
Q

The transverse colon makes a sharp curve forming the?

A

left colic flexure

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18
Q

What part of the colon passes inferiorly and medially to its junction with the sigmoid portion?

A

descending colon

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19
Q

What forms a S-shaped loop and ends in the rectum?

A

sigmoid

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20
Q

The sigmoid ends at what level in the rectum?

A

3rd sacral segment

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21
Q

What extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal?

A

Rectum

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22
Q

What terminates at the anus?

A

anal canal

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23
Q

What is above the anal canal and is a dilatation?

A

rectal ampulla

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24
Q

How many curves do the rectum and anal canal have?

A

2 AP curves

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25
Q

In _____ patients large intestine is positioned around the periphery of the abdomen and may require more images to show entire length.

A

hypersthenic

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26
Q

In _____ patients the large intestine is bunched together and positioned low in the abdomen.

A

asthenic

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27
Q

What is the largest, irregularly wedge shape gland in the body?

A

liver

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28
Q

The deepest point of the liver is?

A

inferior aspect above the right kidney

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29
Q

The diaphragmatic surface of the liver is?

A

convex

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30
Q

The visceral surface of the liver is?

A

concave

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31
Q

What divides the liver into the right and left lobe?

A

falciform ligament

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32
Q

The posterior surface of the liver is?

A

caudate lobe

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33
Q

The inferior surface of the liver is?

A

quadrate lobe

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34
Q

The hilum of the liver is called?

A

porta hepatis

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35
Q

What conveys blood to the liver?

A

portal vein and hepatic artery

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36
Q

Where does the portal vein end in?

A

sinusoids

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37
Q

Where does the hepatic artery end in?

A

capillaries

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38
Q

Where does the liver receive blood from?

A

portal system

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39
Q

The blood circulating through these organs are rich in?

A

nutrients

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40
Q

The hepatic veins convey blood from the?

A

liver sinusoids

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41
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

formation of bile, elimination for waste products of RBC, emulsification of fats

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42
Q

The two main hepatic ducts emerge to form?

A

common hepatic duct

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43
Q

The common hepatic duct and cystic duct form?

A

Common bile duct

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44
Q

The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct form?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

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45
Q

The distal end of the common bile duct is controlled by?

A

Choledochal sphincter

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46
Q

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by?

A

sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla

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47
Q

The gallbladder stores bile during?

A

interdigestive periods

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48
Q

The gallbladder evacuates bile during?

A

digestion

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49
Q

The hepatopancreatic ampulla opens on an elevation known as?

A

major duodenal papilla

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50
Q

What is a thin walled, pear shaped sac?

A

gallbladder

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51
Q

What is the capacity of the gallbladder?

A

2oz

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52
Q

The gallbladder concentrates bile through?

A

absorption of water content

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53
Q

The muscular contraction of the gallbladder is activated by a hormone called?

A

cholecystokinin

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54
Q

What does the gallbladder consist of?

A

narrow neck, body and fundus

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55
Q

In ____ patients the gallbladder is high and well away from the midline in?

A

hypersthenic

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56
Q

In _____ patients the gallbladder is low and near the spine in?

A

asthenic

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57
Q

What is an elongated gland situated across the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Pancreas

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58
Q

The pancreas consists of?

A

head, heck, body and tail

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59
Q

What portion is the broadest?

A

head

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60
Q

What kind of gland is the pancreas?

A

exocrine, endocrine

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61
Q

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces?

A

pancreatic juices

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62
Q

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consist of?

A

islet cells

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63
Q

The pancreas produces the hormone ____ and ____?

A

insulin and glucagon

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64
Q

The digestive juices secreted by exocrine cells are conveyed into what duct?

A

pancreatic

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65
Q

Insulin and glucagon are responsible for?

A

glucose metabolism

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66
Q

The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct form?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

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67
Q

The spleen belongs to what system?

A

lymphatic

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68
Q

What is a ductless organ that produces lymphocytes and stores/removes dead RBC?

A

spleen

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69
Q

Where does the spleen sit?

A

obliquely in Left upper quadrant

70
Q

What are two methods of examining large intestines?

A

single contrast and double-contrast

71
Q

Single contrast is?

A

barium or water-soluble iodide only

72
Q

Double-contrast is?

A

barium sulfate and air/gas substance

73
Q

Which contrast allows for the demonstration of small intraluminal lesions?

A

Double-contrast/ air contrast

74
Q

What procedure is used as a primary screening tool for colorectal cancer?

A

Virtual colonscopy or computed tomography colonography

75
Q

What is useful for double contrast studies of the alimentary canal where coating of the lumen is required?

A

High density barium sulfate

76
Q

When air is the gaseous medium used in a double contrast study this procedure is called?

A

air contrast study

77
Q

When a leak or colon perforation is suspected what is used?

A

Water soluble iodide

78
Q

What is a disadvantage of Water soluble iodide?

A

evacuation is insufficient for satisfactory double contrast visualization

79
Q

When using oral agents transit time from ingestion to colonic filling is?

A

3-4 hrs

80
Q

The preliminary preparation for large intestines includes?

A

dietary restrictions (clear liquids only) and bowel cleansing regimen

81
Q

What are the bowel cleansing methods

A

intestinal tract cleaning kits
lavage preparations
enema

82
Q

When are enema retention tips used?

A

when a patient has a relaxed anal sphincter or other condition

83
Q

The reusable squeeze inflator is recommended to limit air capacity to?

A

90mL

84
Q

For the safety of patient, any retention balloon must be?

A

inflated with caution using fluoroscopy just before the exam

85
Q

Most BE exams require how much premixed liquid barium?

A

1000-2000mL

86
Q

For single contrast exams what is recommended?

A

low density barium suspension

87
Q

What is the volume/weight for low density barium?

A

15-20%

88
Q

Optimal imaging in double contrast exams use?

A

high density barium

89
Q

What is the volume/weight for high density barium?

A

80-100%

90
Q

When water soluble contrast is required what is the percentage used?

A

60-76%

91
Q

What do you instruct the patient to do?

A

keep anal sphincter tightly contracted
relax abdominal muscles
concentrate on deep oral breathing

92
Q

What helps reduce the incidence of colonic spasms?

A

deep oral breathing

93
Q

Patient will be turned how many degrees for insertion of enema tip?

A

35-40 degrees

94
Q

How much would you adjust the IV pole?

A

24” above the level of the anus

95
Q

What would you need to run a little of the barium mixture into a waste basin?

A

free the tubing of air

96
Q

The tube is directed anteriorly how many inches?

A

1-1.5”

97
Q

The tube is inserted no more than how many inches?

A

4”

98
Q

What are the most commonly obtained projections for single contrast BE?

A

PA/AP, PA obliques, axial and lateral

99
Q

What is the most important requirement for a single stage procedure?

A

colon must be clean

100
Q

What barium product percentage should be used for single stage contrast studies?

A

80-100%

101
Q

What is the most important criterion for single stage contrast studies?

A

barium flows sufficiently to coat the walls of the colon

102
Q

Each portion of the colon has a minimum of how many images taken?

A

2

103
Q

For all Large intestine projections the SID is?

A

40”

104
Q

For all Large Intestine projections the breathing instructions are?

A

Suspend

105
Q

For PA where is the IR centered?

A

@ the level of the iliac crest

106
Q

For PA what cassette size used?

A

14x17

107
Q

For PA where is the CR centered?

A

Perpendicular to the IR, enter the midline of the body at the level of the iliac crest

108
Q

For PA what collimation is used?

A

14x`17, 1” sides

109
Q

For PA why would you put the patient in Trendelenburg?

A

Helps separate the overlapping loops of the bowel by “spilling” them out

110
Q

For AP/PA projections what two exposures would you get for crosswise plate?

A

1st centered high enough to get diaphragm

2nd centered low enough to include rectum

111
Q

The PA projection shows what structures?

A

entire colon

112
Q

For PA Axial the cassette size is?

A

10x12, 14x17 lengthwise

113
Q

For PA Axial the IR position is?

A

@ the level of the iliac crest

114
Q

For PA Axial the CR is directed?

A

30-40 degrees cuadad

@ level of ASIS

115
Q

For PA Axial the collimation is?

A

no larger than 14x17 or 10x12

116
Q

For PA Axial the structures show is?

A

rectosigmoid area of colon

117
Q

For PA Axial the patient is in what position?

A

RAO to reduce superimposition of rectosigmoid area

118
Q

For PA Oblique RAO the cassette size is?

A

14x17 lengthwise

119
Q

For the Obliques the patient is turned at how many degrees?

A

35-45 degree

120
Q

For PA Oblique RAO the IR is positioned?

A

@ the level of the iliac crest

121
Q

For PA Oblique RAO the CR is positioned?

A

1-2” lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side at the level of the iliac crest

122
Q

For PA Oblique RAO the collimation is?

A

14x17, 1” beyond

123
Q

For PA Oblique RAO the structures shown are?

A

right colic flexure, ascending colon, sigmoid colon

124
Q

For PA Oblique LAO the cassette size is?

A

14x17 lengthwise

125
Q

For PA Oblique LAO the IR Is?

A

@ the level of the iliac crest

126
Q

For PA Oblique LAO the CR position is?

A

1-2” lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side at the level of the iliac crest

127
Q

For PA Oblique LAO the collimation is?

A

14x17, 1” beyond

128
Q

For PA Oblique LAO the structures shown are?

A

left colic flexure and descending colon

129
Q

For Lateral the cassette size used?

A

10x12 lengthwise

130
Q

For Lateral the IR is positioned?

A

center to the ASIS

131
Q

For Lateral the CR is positioned?

A

enter the mcp at the level of the ASIS

132
Q

For Lateral the collimation is?

A

10x12

133
Q

For Lateral what structures are shown?

A

rectum, distal sigmoid portion

134
Q

For AP what is the cassette size used?

A

14x`17 lengthwise

135
Q

For AP what is the IR position?

A

@ level of the iliac crest

136
Q

For AP what is the CR position?

A

enter the midline of the body at the level of the iliac crest

137
Q

For AP what is the collimation?

A

14x17, 1” beyond

138
Q

For AP what structures are shown?

A

entire colon

139
Q

For AP Axial what is the cassette size used?

A

10x12 or 14x17 lengthwise

140
Q

For AP Axial what is the IR position?

A

@ level 2” above the iliac crest

141
Q

For AP Axial what is the CR position?

A

30-40 degree cephalad

2” below level of the ASIS

142
Q

For AP Axial what is the collimation?

A

14x17 or 10x12

143
Q

For AP Axial what is the structures shown?

A

rectosigmoid area

144
Q

The AP Axial projection is sometimes performed with the patient in what position?

A

LPO

145
Q

For AP Oblique LPO what is the cassette used?

A

14x17

146
Q

For AP Oblique LPO how is the IR centered?

A

@ the level of the iliac crest

147
Q

For AP Oblique LPO how is the CR positioned?

A

1-2” lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side at the level of the iliac crest

148
Q

For AP Oblique LPO what is the collimation?

A

14x17, 1” beyond

149
Q

For AP Oblique LPO what structures are shown?

A

right colic flexure, ascending colon, sigmoid colon

150
Q

For AP Oblique RPO what is the cassette size?

A

14x17 lengthwise

151
Q

For AP Oblique RPO what is the IR position?

A

@ level of the iliac crest

152
Q

For AP Oblique RPO what is the CR position?

A

1-2” lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side at the level of the iliac crest

153
Q

For AP Oblique RPO what is the collimation?

A

14x17, 1” beyond

154
Q

For AP Oblique RPO what structures are shown?

A

left colic flexure and descending colon

155
Q

For AP/PA Right lateral decub what is the cassette size?

A

14x17 lengthwise

156
Q

For AP/PA Right lateral decub what is the IR position?

A

@ level of iliac crest

157
Q

For AP/PA Right lateral decub what is the CR position?

A

horizontal and perp to IR

Center to midline of the body at the level of iliac crest

158
Q

For AP/PA Right lateral decub What is the collimation?

A

14x17,1” beyond

159
Q

For AP/PA Right lateral decub what structures are shown?

A

up medial side of the ascending colon and lateral side of descending colon is with air

160
Q

For PA/AP Left Lateral decub what is the cassette size

A

14x17

161
Q

For PA/AP Left Lateral decub what is the IR position?

A

@ the level of the iliac crest

162
Q

For PA/AP Left Lateral decub what is the CR position?

A

horizontal and perp to IR

center to mdiline of the body at the level of the iliac crest

163
Q

For PA/AP Left Lateral decub what is the collimation?

A

14x17, 1” beyond

164
Q

For PA/AP Left Lateral decub what structures are shown?

A

up lateral side of ascending colon and medial side of descending colon is with air

165
Q

For patients in decubitus position its crucial to use?

A

elevated radiolucent support

166
Q

If patient in upright position the IR is placed?

A

at a lower level due to gravity

167
Q

Two methods of Double contrast BE?

A

Closed system

Welin

168
Q

What is the closed system method?

A

Doesn’t require removal and reinsertion if enema tip

169
Q

What is the welin method?

A

two-step method, Take the tip out and reinsert. Used for early detection of small lesions

170
Q

What are the essential projections for large intestines?

A 
PA/AP
PA/AP Axial
PA oblique RAO/LAO
AP oblique RPO/LPO
Lateral 
AP/PA right/left lateral decub

Radiology 122 (18 decks)

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