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Radiology 122 > Study guide: Digestive system > Flashcards

Study guide: Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system consists of what two parts?

A

accessory glands

alimentary canal

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2
Q

The accessory glands include?

A

salivary gland
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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3
Q

What secretes digestive enzymes into the alimentary canal?

A

accessory gland

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4
Q

What is a musculomembraneous tube that extends from mouth to anus?

A

Alimentary canal

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5
Q

How long is the alimentary canal?

A

29-30 feet long

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6
Q

What are the component parts of the alimentary canal?

A 
mouth
pharynx/esophagus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
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7
Q

Where is the food masticated and turned into bolus?

A

Mouth

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8
Q

What are the organs of swallowing?

A

pharanx/esophagus

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9
Q

Where does the digestive process begin?

A

stomach

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10
Q

Where is the digestive process completed?

A

small intestines

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11
Q

What is the organ of egestion and water absorption?

A

Large intestines

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12
Q

What is the 1st division of the digestive system?

A

mouth

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13
Q

The cavity of the mouth is divided into?

A

oral vestibule

oral cavity

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14
Q

What is the space between the teeth and cheeks?

A

oral vestibule

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15
Q

What is the mouth proper, the space within the dental arches?

A

oral cavity

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16
Q

The roof of the oral cavity is formed by?

A

hard and soft palates

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17
Q

The floor of the oral cavity is formed by?

A

the tongue which communicates with pharynx via oropharynx

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18
Q

What is the anteriormost portion of the roof of the oral cavity?

A

hard palate

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19
Q

The hard palate is formed by?

A

horizontal palates of the maxillae and palatine bones

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20
Q

The height of the hard palate is determined by?

A

angulation of the inner surface of the alveolar process

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21
Q

The angle is _____ when the palate is high and is ____ when the palate is low?

A

less, greater

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22
Q

What begins behind the last molar and is suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate?

A

soft palate

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23
Q

What is a movable musculomembranous structure the functions as a partial septum between the mouth and pharynx?

A

soft palate

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24
Q

Small pendulous process?

A

uvula

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25
Q

What projects forward to the sides of the base of the tongue?

A

anterior arches

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26
Q

What projects posteriorly to blend with the posterolateral walls of the pharynx?

A

posterior arches

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27
Q

The triangular space between the anterior and posterior arches is occupied by?

A

palatine tonsils

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28
Q

What is situated on the floor of the oral cavity?

A

tongue

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29
Q

The tongues base is directed _____ and its apex is directed ______?

A

posteriorly, anteriorly

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30
Q

The _____ is freely movable?

A

tongue

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31
Q

What is composed of numerous muscles and is covered with a mucous membrane?

A

tongue

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32
Q

What glands are narrow, elongated and the smallest pair?

A

sublingual

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33
Q

What glands are located on the floor of the mouth beneath the sublingual fold?

A

sublingual glands

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34
Q

What serves as a passage for air, food?

A

Pharynx

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35
Q

What is considered part of the respiratory system and digestive system?

A

Pharynx

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36
Q

What is a musculomembranous tubular structure situated in front of the vertebrae and behind the nose, mouth and larynx?

A

Pharynx

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37
Q

What is 5” long?

A

Pharynx

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38
Q

The pharynx is at the level of ?

A

6th and 7th cervical vertebra

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39
Q

The pharyngeal cavity is subdivided into?

A

Nasal, oral and laryngeal portion

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40
Q

What lies posteriorly above the soft and hard palates?

A

nasopharynx

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41
Q

The ___muscles of the tongue form the greater part of the oral floor?

A

Extrinsic

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42
Q

This part of the floor lies under the free anterior and lateral portions of the tongue called?

A

sublingual space

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43
Q

The frenulum of the tongue is?

A

vertical band or a fold of mucous membranes

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44
Q

Mucous membrane is elevated into a crestlike ridge called?

A

Sublingual fold

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45
Q

The ____ serve the function of mastication?

A

teeth

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46
Q

The 3 pairs of salivary gland produce how much saliva each day?

A

1L

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47
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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48
Q

Each salivary gland is composed of?

A

numerous lobes containing small lobules

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49
Q

What is the largest salivary gland that consists of a flattened superficial portion and is also wedge-shaped?

A

parotid gland

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50
Q

What runs anteriorly and medially to open into the oral vestibule opposite the second upper molar?

A

parotid duct

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51
Q

Hanging from the posterior aspect of the soft palate is a small conical process called?

A

uvula

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52
Q

Located on the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx between the orifices of the auditory tubes, the mucosa contains a mass of lymphoid tissue known as?

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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53
Q

What is a common condition in children?

A

hypertrophy

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54
Q

What is a portion extending from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone?

A

oropharynx

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55
Q

What lies posterior to the larynx?

A

laryngeal pharynx

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56
Q

An increase in intrathoracic pressure produced by forcible expiration effort against the closed glottis?

A

Valsalva maneuver

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57
Q

What is the organ of voice?

A

larynx

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58
Q

What serves as the air passage between the pharynx and trachea?

A

larynx

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59
Q

what is a moveable tubular structure and is 1.5” long?

A

Larynx

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60
Q

Thin leaf-shaped ______ is situated behind the roof of the tongue and hyoid bone?

A

epiglottis

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61
Q

What forms the laryngeal prominence?

A

thyroid cartilage

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62
Q

A pouchlike fossa called?

A

piriform recess

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63
Q

The superior pairs of folds are?

A

vestibular folds

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64
Q

Lower two folds are separated from each other by a median fissure called?

A

rima epiglottis

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65
Q

What is a long muscular tube that carries food and saliva from the laryngopharynx to the stomach?

A

esophagus

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66
Q

An adult esophagus is how big?

A

24 cm long (10”) and 1.9 cm in diameter (3/4”)

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67
Q

The esophagus begins at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of?

A

C6

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68
Q

The esophagus terminates at the cardiac opening of the stomach?

A

T11

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69
Q

The esophagus has a wall composed of how many layers?

A

4

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70
Q

What are the 4 layers of the esophagus?

A

Fibrous layer
muscular layer
submucosal layer
mucosal layer

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71
Q

The esophagus lies in what plane?

A

MSP

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72
Q

The ____esophagus begins at its first natural constriction, the _____ constriction?

A

cervical, pharyngoesophageal

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73
Q

What occurs at the junction to the pharynx?

A

pharyngoesophageal constriction

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74
Q

The cervical portion of the esophagus is ____ long stretching from ____ to _____?

A

3-5cm

C6-T11

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75
Q

The thoracic esophagus measures?

A

18-22cm (7-8.7”)

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76
Q

The thoracic esophagus features how many constrictions?

A

2

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77
Q

The first constriction occurs where the aortic arch and left mainstem bronchus cross the esophagus is called?

A

aortobronchial constriction

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78
Q

The abdominal esophagus measures?

A

3-6cm long(1.2-2.4”)

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79
Q

What begins at the final natural narrowing, the diaphragmatic constriction?

A

abdominal esophagus

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80
Q

The Esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the?

A

esophageal hiatus

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81
Q

The esophageal hiatus is at the level of?

A

T10

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82
Q

The esophagogastric junction is at the level of?

A

T11

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83
Q

The expanded portion of the terminal esophagus which lies in the abdomen is called?

A

cardiac antrum

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84
Q

The ____is at its junction with the pharynx and functions to prevent air from entering the esophagus during respiration?

A

Upperesophageal sphincter (UES)

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85
Q

The _____ is the dilated, saclike portion of the digestive tract extending between the esophagus and small intestines?

A

stomach

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86
Q

The stomach is divided into what four parts?

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric portion

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87
Q

What part of the stomach surrounds the esophageal opening?

A

cardia

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88
Q

What is the superior portion of the stomach that expands superiorly and fills the dome of the left hemidiaphragm?

A

fundus

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89
Q

When upright the fundus is filled with?

A

gas

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90
Q

What descends from the fundus and begins at the level of the cardiac notch?

A

body of stomach

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91
Q

Inner mucosal layer of the body of the stomach contains numerous longitudinal folds called?

A

rugae

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92
Q

The body of the stomach ends at the vertical plane passing through?

A

angular notch

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93
Q

What communicates with the duodenal bulb?

A

Pyloric canal

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94
Q

The right border of the stomach is marked by?

A

lesser curvature

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95
Q

The left and inferior borders of the stomach are marked by?

A

greater curvature

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96
Q

The greater curvature is how much longer than the lesser curvature?

A

4-5xs longer

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97
Q

The esophagus joins the stomach at the esophagogastric junction through an opening termed?

A

Cardiac orifice

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98
Q

The muscle controlling the cardiac orifices is called?

A

cardiac sphincter

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99
Q

The opening between the stomach and small intestines is called?

A

pyloric orifice

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100
Q

The muscle controlling the pyloric orifice is?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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101
Q

The stomach is almost horizontal and high in what patients?

A

hypersthenic

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102
Q

The stomach is vertical and low in what patients?

A

asthenic

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103
Q

85% of the population is what body habitus?

A

sthenic/hyposthenic

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104
Q

This serves as a storage area for food until it can be digested further?

A

Stomach

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105
Q

What is secreted to break food down chemically?

A

acids, enzymes and other chemicals

106
Q

Food is mechanically broken down through?

A

churning and peristalsis

107
Q

Food that has been mechanically and chemically altered in the stomach is transported to the duodenum as a material called?

A

chyme

108
Q

What extends from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocecal valve?

A

Small intestines

109
Q

The small intestines join the large intestines at what angle?

A

right

110
Q

What is the length of an adult’s small intestines?

A

22ft

111
Q

The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of fingerlike projections called?

A

villi

112
Q

The small intestines are divided into what 3 portions?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, illeum

113
Q

How big is the duodenum?

A

8-10” long

114
Q

The 4 regions of the duodenum are?

A

1st (superior), 2nd (descending), 3rd (horizontal/inferior), 4th (ascending)

115
Q

The segment of the 1st portion of the duodenum is?

A

duodenal bulb

116
Q

The 2nd portion of the duodenum is how long?

A

3-4”

117
Q

The common bile duct and pancreatic duct usually form the?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

118
Q

The 3rd portion of the duodenum passes towards the left at a slight superior inclination for a distance of?

A

2.5”

119
Q

The 4th portion of the duodenum joins the jejunum at a sharp curve called?

A

duodenojejunal flexure

120
Q

What is the most fixed part of the small intestine and normally lies in the upper part of the umbilical region?

A

duodenal loop

121
Q

The upper 2/5 of the small intestines is?

A

jejunum

122
Q

The lower 3/5 of the small intestines is referred to as?

A

ileum

123
Q

What begins in the right iliac region where it joins the ileum of the small intestine?

A

Large intestines

124
Q

The large intestine has four main parts?

A

cecum
colon
rectum
anal canal

125
Q

The large intestine is how long?

A

5 ft long

126
Q

The muscular portion of the intestinal wall contains an external band of longitudinal muscle that forms into 3 thickened bands called?

A

taeniae coli

127
Q

One band of the taeniae coli is positioned____ and two are positioned _____?

A

anteriorly and posteriorly

128
Q

These taeniae coli bands create a pulling muscle tone that forms a series of pouches called?

A

haustra

129
Q

What is the main function of large intestines?

A

Reabsorption of fluids and elimination of waste products

130
Q

What is the pouchlike portion of the large intestine that is below the junction of the ileum and colon?

A

cecum

131
Q

How big is the cecum?

A

2.5” long and 3” diameter

132
Q

The ____ is attached to the posteromedial side of the cecum?

A

vermiform appendix

133
Q

The ___ is a narrow worm-like tube that is about 3” long

A

appendix

134
Q

What is below the junction of the ascending colon and cecum?

A

ileocecal valve

135
Q

The ____ is subdivided into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions?

A

colon

136
Q

What passes superiorly from its junction with the cecum to the undersurface of the liver?

A

ascending colon

137
Q

The Ascending colon joins the transverse portion at an angled called?

A

right colic flexure

138
Q

What is the longest and most movable part of the colon?

A

transverse colon

139
Q

The transverse portion makes a sharp curve called?

A

Left colic flexure

140
Q

what passes inferiorly and medially to its junction with the sigmoid portion?

A

descending colon

141
Q

The sigmoid colon curves to form an s-shaped loop and ends in the rectum at the level of?

A

3rd sacral segment

142
Q

What extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal?

A

rectum

143
Q

The ___terminates at the anus which is the external aperture of the large intestines?

A

Anal canal

144
Q

The rectum is how long?

A

6”

145
Q

Above the anal canal is a dilatation called?

A

rectal ampulla

146
Q

The rectum and anal canal have____ AP curves?

A

2

147
Q

The large intestine is positioned around the periphery of the abdomen and may require more images in what patients?

A

hypersthenic

148
Q

The large intestine is bunched together and positioned low in the abdomen is seen in what patients?

A

asthenic

149
Q

The largest gland in the body is an irregularly wedged-shaped gland?

A

Liver

150
Q

The liver base is on the ____ and its apex is directed anteriorly and to the ____.

A

Right, left

151
Q

The deepest point of the liver is?

A

inferior aspect above the right kidney

152
Q

The diaphragmatic surface of the liver is____?

A

convex

153
Q

The visceral surface of the liver is_____?

A

concave

154
Q

At the falciform ligament, the liver is divided into a large ___ lobe and a smaller _____ lobe?

A

right, left

155
Q

What lobe is on the posterior surface?

A

caudate lobe

156
Q

What lobe is on the inferior surface?

A

quadrate lobe

157
Q

The hilum of the liver is called?

A

porta hepatis

158
Q

What is situated transversely between two minor lobes?

A

porta hepatis

159
Q

What conveys blood into the liver?

A

portal vein and hepatic artery

160
Q

The portal vein ends in?

A

sinusoids

161
Q

The hepatic artery ends in?

A

capillaries

162
Q

In addition to the usual arterial blood supply, the liver receives blood from?

A

portal system

163
Q

The ____ convey the blood from the liver sinusoids to the inferior vena cava?

A

Hepatic veins

164
Q

The function of the liver?

A

Formation of bile
aid in emulsification and assimilation of fats
elimination for waste products of RBC destruction

165
Q

The liver secretes bile at the rate of?

A

1-3 pints each day

166
Q

The two main hepatic ducts emerge to form the?

A

common hepatic duct

167
Q

The common hepatic duct unites with the cystic duct to form the?

A

common bile duct

168
Q

How long is the hepatic and cystic duct?

A

1.5” long

169
Q

The common bile duct passes inferiorly for a distance of?

A

3”

170
Q

The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct into a large chamber known as?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of vater)

171
Q

The distal end of the common bile duct is controlled by?

A

choledochal sphincter

172
Q

The hepatopancreatic ampulla opens on an elevation on the duodenal mucosa known as?

A

major duodenal pailla

173
Q

What is a thin-walled, pear-shaped musculomembranous sac?

A

gallbladder

174
Q

The gallbladder has the capacity of ?

A

2 oz

175
Q

The gallbladder concentrates bile through?

A

absorption of water content

176
Q

The gallbladder stores bile during?

A

interdigestive periods

177
Q

The gallbladder evacuates bile during?

A

digestion

178
Q

The muscular contraction of the gallbladder is activated by a hormone called?

A

cholecystokinins

179
Q

This hormone is secreted by the duodenal mucosa and is released into the blood when fatty or acid chyme passes into intestines?

A

cholecystokinins

180
Q

The gallbladder consists of?

A

narrow neck, body and fundus

181
Q

The gallbladder lies in an____ plane?

A

oblique plane

182
Q

The gallbladder that is high and well away from the midline is seen in what body habitus?

A

hypersthenic patients

183
Q

The gallbladder that is low and near the spine is seen in what body habitus?

A

asthenic patients

184
Q

What is an elongated gland situated across the posterior abdominal wall?

A

pancreas

185
Q

How big is the pancreas?

A

5.5” long

186
Q

The pancreas consists of?

A

head, neck, body and tail

187
Q

What is the pancreas broadest portion of the organ?

A

head of pancreas

188
Q

What passes transversely behind the stomach and front of the left kidney?

A

body and tail of pancreas

189
Q

The pancreas is what kind of gland?

A

exocrine and endocrine

190
Q

What portion of the pancreas produced pancreatic juice?

A

exocrine

191
Q

Which portion of the pancreas consists of islet cells?

A

endocrine

192
Q

The cells of the pancreas produces the hormone ____ and ____?

A

insulin and glucagon

193
Q

The spleen belongs to what system?

A

lymphatic

194
Q

What is a glandlike but ductless organ that produces lymphocytes and stores and removes dead or dying RBC?

A

Spleen

195
Q

How big is the spleen?

A

5” long, 3” wide and 1.5” thick

196
Q

The spleen is situated obliquely in what quadrant?

A

left upper quadrant

197
Q

BE

A

barium enema

198
Q

CTC

A

Ct colongraphy

199
Q

ERCP

A

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

200
Q

LES

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

201
Q

MBSS

A

Modified Barium swallow study

202
Q

MPR

A

multiplanar reconstruction

203
Q

TEA

A

top of ear attachment

204
Q

UES

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

205
Q

UGI

A

upper gastrointestinal

206
Q

VC

A

virtual colonoscopy

207
Q

VFSS

A

videofluoroscopic swallow study

208
Q

What is the first division of the digestive system?

A

mouth

209
Q

Which salivary gland is the largest?

A

parotid

210
Q

Which salivary gland is the smallest?

A

Sublingual

211
Q

Which salivary glands are located along the lateral aspect of the mandibular ramus?

A

Parotid

212
Q

Which salivary duct opens into the oral vestibule opposite the second upper molar?

A

Parotid

213
Q

Which curvature is located on the right (medial) border of the stomach?

A

Lesser

214
Q

Which area is most superior part of the stomach?

A

fundus

215
Q

Which area is the most inferior part of the stomach?

A

pylorus

216
Q

The distal esophagus empties its contents into which of the following?

A

cardiac antrum

217
Q

Which opening is located between the stomach and small intestines?

A

pyloric orifice

218
Q

Which opening is at the distal end of the small intestines?

A

ileocecal orifice

219
Q

Which structure is the proximal part of the small intestines?

A

duodenum

220
Q

which structure is the distal part of the small intestines?

A

ileum

221
Q

Which abdominal region does the large intestine orginate?

A

Right iliac

222
Q

Which structure is the proximal part of the large intestintes?

A

cecum

223
Q

Which part of the large intestines is located between the ascending and descending parts of the colon?

A

transverse colon

224
Q

Which structure is located between the ascending colon and transverse colon?

A

right colic flexure

225
Q

Where in the large intestines is the left colic flexure?

A

between the transverse colon and descending colon

226
Q

Which structure is the pouchlike part of the large intestine situated below the junction of the ileum and the colon?

A

cecum

227
Q

Where in the large intestine is the sigmoid located?

A

between the descending colon and rectum

228
Q

Approximately how long does it usually take the first part of the barium meal to reach the ileocecal valve?

A

2-3 hrs

229
Q

Approximately how long does it usually take a barium meal to reach the rectum?

A

24 hrs

230
Q

Which two imaging modalies are most commonly used to examine the alimentary canal after the introduction of a barium product?

A

fluoroscopy and radiology

231
Q

which type of contrast medium is most commonly used for examining the upper GI tract?

A

barium sulfate suspension

232
Q

To demonstrate swallowing function best, in which position should the patient be placed to begin the fluoroscopic phase of single contrast examinations of the esophagus?

A

upright

233
Q

Which two recumbent oblique positions can be used to demonstrate best an unobstructed image of a barium filled esophagus between the vertebrae and the heart?

A

RAO/LPO

234
Q

Which of the following is a major advantage of double contrast UGI examination over single contrast examination?

A

small lesions on the mucosal lining are better demonstrated

235
Q

Which description refers to the biphasis GI examination?

A

combination single contrast and double contrast study of the upper GI tract

236
Q

Which body habitus produces the greatest visceral movement when a patient is moved from the prone position to upright?

A

asthenic

237
Q

For the PA projection as part of the UGI examination why should lower lung fields be included on a 14x17” plate?

A

demonstrate a Hiatal hernia

238
Q

for double contrast UGI examination which projection produces the best image of a gas filled duodenal bulb and pyloric canal?

A

AP obl projection, recumbent LPO position

239
Q

For the single contrast UGI examination which projection produces the best image of a barium filled pyloric canal and duodenal bulb in patients who habitus approximates the sthenic type?

A

PA oblique projection, RAO position

240
Q

For the UGI examinatinos with the patient recumbent, which projection best stimulates gastric peristalsis to demonstrate the pyloric canal and duodenal bulb?

A

PA oblique projection, RAO position

241
Q

Which breathing procedure should the patient perform when UGI images are exposed?

A

suspended expiration

242
Q

For the double contrast UGI examinatino with the patient recumbent, which projection produces the best image of a gas filled fundus?

A

PA oblique projection, RAO postion

243
Q

For the UGI examination with the patient recumbent which projection best demonstrates the right retrogastric space?

A

Right lateral projection

244
Q

For the AP projection with the patient supine (UGI Exam) which procedure should be performed to demonstrate best diaphragmatic herniation (hiatel hernia)?

A

tilt the table and patient into a full Trendelenburg position

245
Q

To which level of the patient should the central ray be directed for the PA oblique projection RAO position as part of the UGI exam?

A

L1-L2

246
Q

Which exam of the alimentary canal requires that a series of images be taken at specific time intervals after the ingestion of contrast medium?

A

small bowel series

247
Q

for small bowel series of a patient with hypomotility of the small intestines which procedure should be performed to accelerate peristalsis?

A

have patient drink a glass of iced water

248
Q

Which structure when visualized on an image as part of a small bowel series, usually indicates the completion of the exam?

A

cecum

249
Q

What is the proper sequence for filling the large intestine with barium when performing a BE?

A

rectum, sigmoid, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon

250
Q

Which instructions should be given to the patient if cramping is experienced during filling of the large intestine for a BE?

A

concentrate on deep oral breathing

251
Q

Before the enema tip is inserted during a BE, why should a small amount of barium sulfate mixture be allowed to run into a waste basin?

A

to remove air from the tube

252
Q

Which procedure should be accomplished when inserting the enema tip for a BE?

A

ensure tip inserted no more that 3.5-4”

253
Q

For the PA projection during a BE what is the advantage of placing the x-ray table and patient in a slight Trendelenburg position?

A

to help separate overlapping loops of the distal bowels

254
Q

Which structures of hte large intestine are of primary interest with AP axial or PA axial projections during a BE?

A

sigmoid and rectum

255
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the PA axial projection during a BE?

A

30-40 degrees caudal

256
Q

Which structure of the large intestines is of primary interest for the PA oblique projection RAO position during an BE exam?

A

right colic flexure

257
Q

Which two oblique projections can be performed to demonstrate best the left colic flexure during a BE?

A

PA Oblique projection, LAO position Or AP Oblique projection RPO position

258
Q

Which structure of the large intestine is best demonstrated if the patient is rotated 45 degrees from a supine position to move the right side of the abdomen away from the x-ray table during a BE?

A

Right colic flexure

259
Q

For the right lateral decubitus position as part of a BE which procedure should be done to ensure that the ascending colon is demonstrated in the image?

A

elevate patient on a radiolucent support

260
Q

Which BE projection requires a 10x12” lengthwise exposure field or CR plate be centered to the level of the ASIS?

A

Lateral projection

261
Q

Which BE projection does not require colic flexures to be included in the image?

A

lateral projection

Radiology 122 (18 decks)

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