Study Guide Chp. 2 Flashcards
What molecules are considered inorganic?
- any molecule that lacks carbon and hydrogen
- water, salt, acid, bases, oxygen and carbon dioxide
Describe all characteristics of water
What are the four functions of water?
- Used as a medium for most chemical reactions
- Can form H bonds (good dissolving medium)
- reactant or product in many chemical reactions
- good buffer for temperature due to strong hydrogen bonds
What is an acid?
What is a base?
A substance that forms hydrogen (H+) ions when dissolved in water
A substance that forms hydroxide (OH-) when dissolved in water
What is a buffer?
A substance that can resist pH changes when either an acid or base is added
What molecules are considered organic?
Any molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen
Describe an amino acid
- monomeric building blocks of protein
- each contains an amino group, hydrogen, central carbon, and carbonyl group
- all amino acids are the same but have different side chains
How are peptide bonds formed?
When the amino group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another and dehydration synthesis occurs due to releasing a water molecule
What is a dipeptide, tripeptide, and polypeptide?
- A molecule made up of two amino acids and one peptide bond
- three amino acids and one peptide bond
- many amino acids and one peptide bond
Explain the four levels of protein structure
- Primary structure: has polypeptide strand
- Secondary structure: has a helix and pleated sheet with 3 polypeptide strands
- Tertiary structure: helix and pleated sheets fold into a 3d shape
- Quartenary structure: the relationship of several folded polypeptide chains forming a protein
Learn how to draw an amino acid!
Search google
What is denaturation?
The process of breaking down a protein’s folded structure, caused by changes in temperature, pH, or salt concentration, thus changing the structure of the protein molecule
What are the functions of proteins?
- structural proteins: microfilaments for movement of cells, cell membranes or cell walls, carrier proteins
- enzymes: catalyze chemical reactions
- signaling molecules
- toxins are produced by certain bacteria
- regulate hormones (eg. insulin)
- antibodies for immune function
What is the difference between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms in their chain, whereas unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond.
What is a monosaccharide?
What are some examples?
- A basic building block, a simple sugar
- glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose
How are disaccharides formed?
- By bonding 2 monosaccharides in a dehydration synthesis
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to a reaction with water is called ______.
Hydrolysis
What do you call 3 or more monosaccharides; can have side chains branching from the main structure?
Polysaccharide
What are some examples of polysaccharides as well as where they are found?
- Glycogen: found in animal cells and some bacteria
- Starch: found in plant cells
- Cellulose: component of plant and most algae cell walls
Which is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
- Breaking down food molecules into smaller molecules
- provide a source to produce energy, mainly ATP for the cell
- Components of cell walls of bacterial cells
- Function as food reserves
Breaking down food molecules into smaller molecules
Animal fats contain what kind of fatty acids?
Plant fats contain what kind of fatty acids?
- Saturated fatty acids
- Unsaturated fatty acids
How are triglycerides formed?
- Formed by dehydration reaction of one glycerol with 3 fatty acids
What is a phospholipid’s primary function?
To act as a barrier in a cell
Name some functions of lipids
- Function as chemical messengers
- Primary structural components of cell membranes
- Store energy
- Insulate the body
- Produce hormones
Name the 2 types of nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid
The basic building block of nucleic acids like DNA or RNA is called a _______
Nucleotide
What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? (DNA and RNA)
- Five carbon sugar
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base
What are purines and pyrimidines?
Purines: have two-carbon nitrogen ring bases
Pyrimidines: Has one-carbon nitrogen ring bases
What bases are purines?
What bases are pyrimidines?
Purines: Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
What bases are found in DNA?
What bases are found in RNA?
- DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
- RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil
All of these describes the structure of DNA EXCEPT:
- Has a nucleus
- Purines and pyrimidines of opposite strands form H-bonds
- Has polarity 3’ to 5’
- Two strands that run anti-parallel direction
- C-G (3H bonds)
- A-T (2H bonds)
Has polarity 3’ to 5’
It is 5’ to 3’!!!!!!
What are the 3 components of a DNA nucleotide?
- Phosphate group
- Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)
- AGCT nitrogenous bases
What are the 3 components of RNA nucleotide?
- Phosphate group
- Ribose (5 carbon sugar)
- ACGU nitrogenous bases
What are the 3 types of RNA?
- Messenger RNA
- Transfer RNA
- Ribosomal RNA
TRUE OR FALSE:
RNA is single stranded and contains cytoplasm
TRUE
What is ATP?
The main energy-carrying molecule (potential form of energy)
What are the monomers of the following?
- Simple sugars
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
Simple sugars: polysaccharides
Proteins: Amino acids
Lipids: glycerol/ fatty acids
Nucleic acids: nucleotides
