Chp. 10 Flashcards
The science of classifying organisms is known as _______
Taxonomy
The study of evolutionary history of organisms is called ________
Phylogeny/ systematics
What are the 5 kingdoms of classification by Whittaker in 1969? What are the 6 classifications by Woese in 1977?
5:
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Fungi
- Protista
- Monera
6:
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Fungi
- Protista
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
What are the 3 domains?
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
What is the domain classification based on?
It is based on the sequences of nucleotides in RNA
What is binomial nomenclature? Who created it?
It is the best way to denote a living organism; usually in the format Genus and specific epithet.
Created by Carolus Linnaeus
What is the taxonomic hierarchy? What is the order?
The system for organizing living organisms into groups
Domain –> kingdom –> phylum –> class –> order –> family –> genus –> species
How are bacterial strains identified?
- Morphological tests
- Differential staining
- Biochemical tests
True or False: viruses are in the archaea domain
FALSE: viruses are not in ANY domain
How are morphological characteristics used to identify bacteria?
Can see physical differences ie. size, shape, texture, and colour of a colony; good for identifying eukaryotes but not how old the bacteria is
How is differential staining used to identify bacteria?
Gram staining, acid-fast, not useful for bacteria without cell walls
How are biochemical tests used to identify bacteria?
Determine presence of bacterial enzymes
What is serology?
How is it used to identify bacteria?
- The science that studies serums and the immune responses in serums
- Microorganisms are anti-genetic, they simulate the body to form antibodies in the serum, therefore telling the body what type of bacteria it is
What is ELISA?
How does it work?
- Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Known antibodies and an unknown type of bacteria are added to a well; reaction identifies the bacteria
Describe western blotting
- proteins are extracted from sample and separated based on size using electrophoresis
- the proteins are then transferred from gel to nitrocellulose membrane
- a primary antibody is added to the membrane and binds to the target protein
- a secondary antibody is added and used to detect primary antibody protein complex
- The membrane then develops, allowing for the main protein to be analyzed by the antibody
Describe northern blotting (not found in lecture)
- RNA is separated by gel electrophoresis based on size.
- Separated RNA is transferred to a membrane.
- The membrane is probed with a labeled probe (DNA or RNA) that is complementary to the target RNA sequence.
- The target RNA is visualized using either a radioactive or fluorescent probe
How is DNA base composition used to classify bacteria?
The percentage of guanine and cytosine shows how closely related two organisms are based on its similar amounts of various bases
How is ribosomal RNA sequencing used to classify bacteria?
look for the nucleotide hybridization and the more similar they are, the more the strands pair up
What is nucleic acid hybridization?
Describe it
- How similar two organisms are from each other
- Take DNA from each organism
- Separate DNA strands from each other
- Combine single strands from each organism
- The more the strands pair up together, the similar the organisms are
*genetic recombination (could not find anywhere in chap 10)
two dna from organisms
- transformation
- transduction
- gene gun
- microinjection
- protoplast fusion
How and why are organisms classified in the 3 domain system?
Due to:
- Differences in ribosomal RNA sequences
- Cell membrane lipid structure
- Sensitivity to antibiotics
How are prokaryotes classified?
Two domains bacteria and archaea
What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?
- plantae
- animalia
- fungi
- protista
What are the characteristics of Plantae? Give examples of some organisms
- Multicellular
- Autotroph
- Undergo photosynthesis
- Cellulose cell walls
- eg. sunflower, moss, apple tree
What are the characteristics of Animalia? Give examples of some organisms
- Multicellular
- Chemoheterotrophic
- No cell walls
- eg. humans, monkey, worms, whales
What are the characteristics of fungi? Give examples of some organisms
- Multicellular AND unicellular
- Chemoheterotrophic
- cell walls made of chitin
- develop from spores
- eg. yeast, mushroom, mold, mildew
What are the characteristics of Protista? Give examples of some organisms
- Multicellular AND unicellular
- catchall kingdom
- autotrophic and heterotrophic
- Grouped into clades based on rRNA
- eg. algae, amoeba, seaweed
How do you classify viruses?
- Are they made up of DNA or RNA?
- Are they single stranded or double stranded?
- Do they have an envelope or are they naked?
