Study guide ch. 1 Flashcards
An A is needed, not wanted
What are microorganisms?
What are the 6 types we are studying?
- Organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Microscopic algae
- Viruses
- Helminths
Which microorganisms are prokaryotic and eukaryotic?
What’s the difference between the two?
P: Bacteria and Fungi
E: Protozoa, Algae, Viruses, Helminths
What is:
- Microbiology
- Bacteriology
- Mycology
- Parasitology
- Immunology
- Virology
- Microbial ecology
- The study of small organisms
- The study of bacteria
- The study of Fungi
- The study of protozoa and parasitic worms
- The study of immunity
- The study of viruses
- The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
Which scientist marked the beginning of cell theory?
Robert Hooke
Which scientist observed microbes through magnifying lenses and called them “animalcules”?
Anton Van Leeuwen Hoek
Which scientist boiled broth into open and closed flasks to prove spontaneous generation (but forgot to clean the flasks)?
John Needham
Which scientist boiled broth into CLEAN open and closed flasks?
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Explain Francesco Redi’s experiment
In order to prove biogenesis, he filled two jars with decaying meat and left one jar open and the other one covered with fine net. Maggots appeared on the open jar while none appeared on the covered, therefore proving biogenesis.
Which scientist discovered the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs?
Louis Pasteur
Which scientist is credited for vaccination using a unethical method?
Edward Jenner
Which scientist founded aseptic surgery after finding out that the death rate for pregnant women was higher in hospitals than at home?
Joseph Lister
Which scientist said that cells arise from preexisting cells?
Rudolf Virchow
TRUE OR FALSE: Robert Koch (koch’s postulate) disproved the theory that specific bacteria makes a specific disease
FALSE: he proved it
Which scientist discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Agostini showed that silkworm disease was caused by what?
Fungus
Which scientist made the system of scientific nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is spontaneous generation?
What is biogenesis?
- Hypothesis that life arises from non-living matter
- Hypothesis that life can only arise from preexisting cells
What is vaccination?
Derived from the word vacca “cow”. The process of injecting a dormant or weaker version of a disease into the body so the immune system can recognize it and fight it off, so when it encounters the active version, it knows how to get rid of it.
What is fermentation?
Microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in absence of air
Think wine from grapes!
What is pasteurization?
The application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
- How do you name organisms?
- What is the proper way of writing an organism’s name?
- Using the genus specific epithet (species)
- Italicized or underlined, capitalized genus, lowercase specific epithet
Which is NOT a domain in classification?
-Bacteria
- Fungi
- Archaea
- Eukarya
FUNGI (a kingdom not domain)
What are the five kingdoms in classification?
- (Monera) Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
Which microorganism is/has:
- Prokaryotic
- a small unicellular organism
- peptidoglycan cell walls
- divide via binary fission
Bacteria
Which microorganism is/has:
- unicellular
- from kingdom protista
Protozoans
Which microorganism is/has:
- Eukaryotic
- From kingdom fungi
- Unicellular and multicellular
Fungi
Which microorganism is/has:
- photosynthetic eukaryotes
- from kingdom protista
Algae
Which microorganism is:
- acellular
- NOT a living organism
Viruses
Which microorganism is an extremophile?
Archaea
Explain Robert Koch’s experiment
- He took a blood sample of a dead mouse with anthrax and grew it on an agar plate
- He then took the microorganism from the plate and injected it in a healthy mouse
- The healthy mouse eventually got sick and died
- Koch took a blood sample from that mouse and grew it on another agar plate
- The results were identical to the originally diseased mouse
What is Germ Theory?
The main cause of infectious diseases come from microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi
TRUE OR FALSE: Immunity is the body’s ability to fight off disease and infection
TRUE
What is the magic bullet?
Medication that only targets cells that causes the disease/ infection
Define:
- Gene therapy
- Biotechnology
- DNA recombinant technology
- Medical practice that modifies a person’s genes to treat or prevent disease
- use of microbes for practical application
- enable bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines and enzymes
- How does bacteria benefit humans?
- How does it harm humans and the environment?
- Aids in digestion, contributes to production of antibiotics and vaccines, and acts as decomposers
- Can cause disease and viruses, can also cause corrosion
What is bioremediation?
Using microbes to clean up pollutants
What is normal microbiota?
What are their functions?
- Microbes normally present in and on the human body
- Prevent growth of pathogens and produce growth factors like vitamins B and K
What is resistance?
- Ability of the body to ward off disease
What are biofilms and how do they form?
Bacteria that attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses. Found on teeth, plastic containers
What are emerging infectious diseases?
What are some examples?
- New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
- West Nile Virus, AIDS, Avian infleunza H5N1, Novel coronavirus. Methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus
