Study Guide: Chapter 7 Flashcards
2nd leading cause of death in U.S.
Cancer
There are more than __________ different subtypes of cancer.
100
What percent of cancer deaths are linked to smoking?
30%
What is the average time lag between the rise in number of smokers and the rise in cancer rates?
20 years
For how many of the 8 leading causes of death is tobacco a risk factor?
6/8
About 50% of cancers could be preventable and are linked to what?
1) Smoking
2) Poor diet
3) Inactivity
What is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S.?
smoking
What are the top 4 most frequent cancers (most incidence) for men/women?
1) Prostate (men)/breast (women)
2) Lung or bronchus
3) Colorectal
4) Bladder (men)/uterus (women)
What are the top four cancers that cause the most deaths?
1) Lung/bronchus
2) Colorectal (men)/ breast (women)
3) Prostate (men)/Colorectal (women)
4) Pancreatic
What are two cancers that are especially lethal?
Pancreatic and lung cancer
What are three cancers that have a good prognosis?
1) thyroid
2) melanoma
3) Hodgkins
True or false: There has been less progress overall in decreasing cancer incidence and death compared with to other top killers.
True
What type of therapies have recently shown a lot of promise in cancer treatment?
Immunotherapies
overgrowth of cells that serves no useful purpose
neoplasm
neoplasm mass of cells
tumor
general term for any type of malignant growth/tumor
cancer
noncancerous growth, stays localized
benign
What percentage of cancers are carcinomas?
90%
What percentage of cancers are sarcomas?
2%
What percentage of cancers are leukemias?
8%
What is the key defining distinction between benign and malignant tumors?
Behavior
Why do tumors occur in epithelium more than in connective tissues?
Because epithelial cells divide quickly and therefore repair themselves more frequently, allowing more opportunities for error.
Root cause of all neoplasms
DNA damage
By which route do carcinomas primarily spread?
Through lymphatic vessels (so lymph node biopsies are used to see how far it has spread)
What is the THE primary reason cancer causes death/
Metastasis
by which route do sarcomas generally metastasize?
Bloodstream
To which location do sarcomas often metastasize?
Lungs
True or false: Leukemias can form solid tumors.
False
The proportion of cells actively dividing in a tumor
Tumor growth fraction (TGF)
True or false: How fast cells divide is more important for determining tumor growth than how many cells are dividing.
False
True or false: Chemo works best on tumors with high TGF (tumor growth fraction).
True
Why do leukemias and lymphomas grow so quickly?
They have high TGF
Why are cancerous tissue stem cells more difficult to treat than differentiated tissue cells?
1) Provide continual source for more cancer cells
2) They do not divide frequently, so are relatively resistant to chemo
What types of rays are 90% of skin cancers due to?
UVb (sunlight)
What types of rays are particularly dangerous for causing melanoma?
UVa (tanning bed)
What is the most common cancer in the U.S.? What percentage of adults will get it?
Skin cancer; 50%
What are the 5 main etiologic factors in neoplastic disease?
- Viruses
2) Gene and chromosome abnormalities
3) Failure of immune defense
4) Heredity
5) Chemical carcinogens
What percentage of cancers contain p53 mutations/
half
How many gene copies must be mutated to inactivate p53?
2
True or false: Heredity is usually a big factor in most cancers.
False
True or false: Most breast cancers involve known genetic mutations.
False (80-90% do not)
What are the three most frequent mutations in cancer?
1) p53 (TS)
2) ras (proto-oncogene)
3) myc (both TS and proto-oncogene)
