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Human Disease: Exam 2 > Study Guide: Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Study Guide: Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

2nd leading cause of death in U.S.

A

Cancer

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2
Q

There are more than __________ different subtypes of cancer.

A

100

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3
Q

What percent of cancer deaths are linked to smoking?

A

30%

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4
Q

What is the average time lag between the rise in number of smokers and the rise in cancer rates?

A

20 years

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5
Q

For how many of the 8 leading causes of death is tobacco a risk factor?

A

6/8

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6
Q

About 50% of cancers could be preventable and are linked to what?

A

1) Smoking
2) Poor diet
3) Inactivity

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7
Q

What is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S.?

A

smoking

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8
Q

What are the top 4 most frequent cancers (most incidence) for men/women?

A

1) Prostate (men)/breast (women)
2) Lung or bronchus
3) Colorectal
4) Bladder (men)/uterus (women)

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9
Q

What are the top four cancers that cause the most deaths?

A

1) Lung/bronchus
2) Colorectal (men)/ breast (women)
3) Prostate (men)/Colorectal (women)
4) Pancreatic

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10
Q

What are two cancers that are especially lethal?

A

Pancreatic and lung cancer

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11
Q

What are three cancers that have a good prognosis?

A

1) thyroid
2) melanoma
3) Hodgkins

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12
Q

True or false: There has been less progress overall in decreasing cancer incidence and death compared with to other top killers.

A

True

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13
Q

What type of therapies have recently shown a lot of promise in cancer treatment?

A

Immunotherapies

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14
Q

overgrowth of cells that serves no useful purpose

A

neoplasm

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15
Q

neoplasm mass of cells

A

tumor

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16
Q

general term for any type of malignant growth/tumor

A

cancer

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17
Q

noncancerous growth, stays localized

A

benign

18
Q

What percentage of cancers are carcinomas?

A

90%

19
Q

What percentage of cancers are sarcomas?

A

2%

20
Q

What percentage of cancers are leukemias?

A

8%

21
Q

What is the key defining distinction between benign and malignant tumors?

A

Behavior

22
Q

Why do tumors occur in epithelium more than in connective tissues?

A

Because epithelial cells divide quickly and therefore repair themselves more frequently, allowing more opportunities for error.

23
Q

Root cause of all neoplasms

A

DNA damage

24
Q

By which route do carcinomas primarily spread?

A

Through lymphatic vessels (so lymph node biopsies are used to see how far it has spread)

25
Q

What is the THE primary reason cancer causes death/

A

Metastasis

26
Q

by which route do sarcomas generally metastasize?

A

Bloodstream

27
Q

To which location do sarcomas often metastasize?

A

Lungs

28
Q

True or false: Leukemias can form solid tumors.

A

False

29
Q

The proportion of cells actively dividing in a tumor

A

Tumor growth fraction (TGF)

30
Q

True or false: How fast cells divide is more important for determining tumor growth than how many cells are dividing.

A

False

31
Q

True or false: Chemo works best on tumors with high TGF (tumor growth fraction).

A

True

32
Q

Why do leukemias and lymphomas grow so quickly?

A

They have high TGF

33
Q

Why are cancerous tissue stem cells more difficult to treat than differentiated tissue cells?

A

1) Provide continual source for more cancer cells

2) They do not divide frequently, so are relatively resistant to chemo

34
Q

What types of rays are 90% of skin cancers due to?

A

UVb (sunlight)

35
Q

What types of rays are particularly dangerous for causing melanoma?

A

UVa (tanning bed)

36
Q

What is the most common cancer in the U.S.? What percentage of adults will get it?

A

Skin cancer; 50%

37
Q

What are the 5 main etiologic factors in neoplastic disease?

A
  1. Viruses
    2) Gene and chromosome abnormalities
    3) Failure of immune defense
    4) Heredity
    5) Chemical carcinogens
38
Q

What percentage of cancers contain p53 mutations/

A

half

39
Q

How many gene copies must be mutated to inactivate p53?

A

2

40
Q

True or false: Heredity is usually a big factor in most cancers.

A

False

41
Q

True or false: Most breast cancers involve known genetic mutations.

A

False (80-90% do not)

42
Q

What are the three most frequent mutations in cancer?

A

1) p53 (TS)
2) ras (proto-oncogene)
3) myc (both TS and proto-oncogene)

Human Disease: Exam 2 (37 decks)

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