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Anatomy > Study Guide Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Study Guide Chapter 4 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two major categories of body membranes?

A

Epithelial Membranes

Connective Tissue Membranes

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1
Q

What do Body Membranes do?

A

Cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective and lubricating sheets around organs

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2
Q

Another name for Epithelial membranes is what?

A

Covering and lining membranes

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3
Q

What are the three types of epithelial Membranes?

A

Cutaneous Membranes
Mucous Membranes
Serous membranes

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4
Q

Describe each of the Epithelial Membranes in their function and structure.
Cutaneous Membrane

A

Skin. The superficial epidermis is composed of a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue. Exposed to air. Dry membrane.

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5
Q

Describe each of the Epithelial Membranes in their function and structure. Mucous Membranes

A

Composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane called lamina propria. Lines all the body cavities that open to the exterior. Most mucosae contain either stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium. All are wet membranes. The epithelium of mucosae is often adapted for absorption and secretion

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6
Q

Describe each of the Epithelial Membranes in their function and structure. Serous Membranes

A

Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior. Occur in pairs (parietal layer & visceral layer). Serous layers are separated by a scanty amount of serous fluid.

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7
Q

What are the serous membranes that line the abdominal cavity, the lungs, and the heart?

A

The Peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity
The Pleura lines the lungs
The pericardium lines the heart

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8
Q

What type of membrane is made of connective tissue?

A

Synovial Membranes

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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of the synovial membrane

A

Composed of soft areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all. These membranes line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints, small sacs of connective tissue (brusae), and the tubelike tendon sheaths. Both these structures cushion organs moving against each other.

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10
Q

What makes up the integumentary system?

A

Skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails)

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11
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

Protects deeper tissues from: mechanical damage (bumps), chemical damages (acids and bases), bacterial damage, ultraviolet radiation, thermal damage, desiccation
Aids in body heat loss or heat retention
Aids in excretion of urea and Uric acid
Synthesizes vitamin D

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12
Q

What is keratin?

A

A tough insoluble protein found in tissues such as hair, nails, and epidermis of the skin

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the skin

A

The outer epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of keratinizing. The underlying dermis is made up of mostly dense connective tissue. The epidermis and dermis are firmly connected and the dermis is fairly tear resistant. Deep to the dermis is the subcutaneous tissue, which anchors the skin to underlying organs and provides a site for fat storage.

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14
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

From the inside out: stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum

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15
Q

What is the dermis made of?

A

Papillary and reticular areas

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16
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue

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17
Q

Describe the different layers of the epidermis. Stratum Basale

A

Cells are actively dividing stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

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18
Q

Describe the different layers of the epidermis. Stratum spinosum

A

Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

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19
Q

Describe the different layers of the epidermis. Stratum granulosum

A

Cells are flattened, organelles are deteriorating; cytoplasm full of granules

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20
Q

Describe the different layers of the epidermis. Stratum corneum

A

Cells are dead; represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space

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21
Q

What is melanin?

A

A pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown

22
Q

What produces melanin?

A

Melanocytes

23
Q

Why is melanin important to the skin?

A

the melanin forms a pigment umbrella over the superficial side of the nuclei and shields their genetic material from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight

24
Q

What are the epidermal dendritic cells?

A

Alerts and activates immune system cells to a threat such as bacterial and viral invasion

25
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Associated with sensory nerve endings and serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs

26
Q

Describe the dermis

A

The dermal papillae are extensions of the superficial papillary layer, which consists of areolar connective tissue. The deeper reticular layer is dense irregular fibrous connective tissue

27
Q

What is a decubitus ulcer? Why does it occur?

A

Decubitus ulcers are bedsores. The occur when there is any restriction of the normal blood supply to the skin

28
Q

What three factors determine skin color?

A
  1. The amount and kind of melanin in the epidermis
  2. The amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue
  3. The amount of oxygen rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels
29
Q

What does it mean to say that someone is cyanotic?

A

When the Hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated, both the blood and skin of Caucasians appear blue.

30
Q

Describe the different disease states that can influence skin color

A

Heart failure and severe breathing disorders

31
Q

Name the different skin appendages

A

Cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails

32
Q

What are cutaneous glands?

A

Are all exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts.

33
Q

Describe the different types and functions of the cutaneous glands. Sebaceous glands

A

Sebaceous glands are found all over the body except on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle but some open directly to the skin surface.

34
Q

Describe the different types and functions of the cutaneous glands. Sweat glands

A

Also called sudoriferous glands, are widely distributed in the skin. There are two types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine

35
Q

How do the two types of sweat glands differ from each other? Eccrine glands

A

The eccrine glands are found all over the body. They produce sweat.they are supplied with nerve endings that cause them to secrete sweat when the external temperature or body temperature is high.

36
Q

How do the two types of sweat glands differ from each other? Apocrine glands

A

Apocrine glands are largely confined to the armpit and genital areas of the body. They are larger, and their secretions empty into the hair follicles. Their secretion contains fatty acids and proteins. Being to function during puberty under the influence of androgens. They activate nerve fibers during pain and stress and during sexual foreplay

37
Q

Describe hair

A

A hair, produced by a hair follicle, is a flexible epithelial structure.

38
Q

Describe the hair follicle

A

Compound structures. The inner epidermal sheath is composed of epithelial tissue and forms hair. The outer dermal sheath is actually dermal connective tissue. The dermal region supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.

39
Q

What is a burn?

A

Tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, ultraviolet radiation, or certain chemicals which denature proteins and cause cell death in affected areas.

40
Q

How do different degrees of burns affect the body?

A

First degree burns: only the epidermis is damaged
Second degree burns: injury to epidermis and upper region of the dermis
Third degree burns: destroy the entire thickness of the skin

41
Q

How do you determine how much of the body surface is burned?

A

The rule of nines: tis method divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the total body surface area plus an additional area surrounding the genitals representing 1% of the body surface area

42
Q

List the different infection and allergies that can affect the skin

A

Athletes foot, boils and carbuncles, cold sores, contact dermatitis, impetigo, and psoriasis

43
Q

What are the three types of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

44
Q

Describe what types of cell each type of skin cancer affects

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma: cells of the stratum basale no longer honor the boundary between dermis and epidermis
Squamous Cell carcinoma: arises from cells of the stratum spinosum

45
Q

What is the ABCD rule for pigmented spots on the skin?

A

A: Asymmetry, two sides do not match.
B: Border Irregularity, not smooth but exhibit indentations
C: Colors are different
D: Diameter is greater than 6mm

46
Q

How does the skin help regulate body temperature?

A

Eccrine glands produce sweat. As sweat evaporates off the skin surface, it carries a large amount of body heat with it.

47
Q

Explain why we become tanned after sitting in the sun

A

When the skin is exposed is exposed to sunlight, which stimulates the melanocytes to produce more of the melanin pigment, tanning occurs

48
Q

From what type of damage does the skin protect the body?

A

Chemical, physical, mechanical, UV

49
Q

What is a blackhead?

A

When a sebaceous gland’s duct has accumulated material that oxidizes and dries, it darkens and becomes a blackhead

50
Q

What are arrector pili? What do they do?

A

Small bands of smooth muscle cells. Connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue

51
Q

Which skin cancer arises from the youngest epidermal cells?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

52
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue membrane found in the lining of joint cavities?

A

Synovial membranes

53
Q

Name two categories of skin secretions and the glands that manufacture them

A

Sebaceous (sweat)

Sweat (eccrine and apocrine)

Anatomy (13 decks)

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