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Anatomy > Chapter 5 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Study Guide Flashcards

0
Q

What three parts of the skeleton are I the axial skeleton?

A

The skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

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1
Q

The skeleton is divided into what two divisions?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

What makes up the skull?

A

The cranium and the facial bones

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3
Q

The bones of the skull are held together bY what structure?

A

The bones of the skull are held together by sutures

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4
Q

What is the canal that leads to the eardrum and middle ear?

A

The external acoustic meatus

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5
Q

What allows the lower part of the brain to connect to the spinal cord?

A

The foramen magnum in the occipital bone allows the brain to connect to the spinal cord

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6
Q

What part of the sphenoid bone provides a site for the pituitary gland?

A

The sella turcica, or Turk’s saddle, forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland

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7
Q

Which two facial bones are not paired up?

A

The mandible and the vomer

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8
Q

What is the only bone that does not articulate in the body?

A

The hyoid bone

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9
Q

How does the fetal skull differ from the adult skull?

A

The fetal skull is not fully developed which results in fontanels. The adult skull is fully developed and sutured together

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10
Q

What are Fontanels? What purpose do they serve in the fetal skull?

A

Fontanels are the fibrous membranes that connect the cranial bones. The Fontanels allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during birth

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11
Q

When do Fontanels close up completely?

A

The fontanels can no longer be felt by 22 to 24 months after birth

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12
Q

The spine is composed of how many bones? How are these bones divided into groups?

A

The spine is made of 26 irregular bones. The 7 vertebrae of the neck are the cervical vertebrae, the next 12 are the thoracic vertebrae, and 5 supporting the lower back are the lumbar vertebrae. Then there is 5 fused vertebrae in the sacral curvature and 4 fused vertebrae in the coccyx

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13
Q

What is found between the individual vertebrae?

A

Pads of flexible fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs that cushion the vertebrae and absorb shocks while allowing spine flexibility

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14
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

A slipped disc, bulging out of place

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15
Q

How many spinal curvatures does the spine have? Where are the curvatures located?

A

There are 5 spinal curvatures. The primary curvature contains the thoracic, sacral, and coccyx curvatures. The secondary curvature contains the cervical and lumbar curvatures

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16
Q

What makes a joint a fibrous joint?

A

A joint in which the bones are united by fibrous tissue.

Ex: the sutures of the skull

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17
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints in which the bone ends are connected by the fibrocartilage
Ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

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18
Q

When joints are structurally classified, what categories are the placed in?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints?

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19
Q

What are the four characteristics of synovial joints?

A

Articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, reinforcing ligaments

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20
Q

When joints are functionally classified, what categories are they placed in?

A

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

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21
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Functionally and structurally

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22
Q

What is a joint?

A

Also called articulations, are the sites where two or more bones meet

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23
Q

What are two features that are commonly seen with synovial joints?

A

The bursae and a tendon sheath

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24
Q

List the synovial joints

A 
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket joint
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25
Q

Name an example of a plane joint

A

The intercarpal joints of the wrist

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26
Q

Name an example of a hinge joint

A

Elbow joint, ankle joint, and joints between the phalanges

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27
Q

What are the bones that make up the foot?

A

The tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

28
Q

What is the heelbone called?

A

The calcaneus

29
Q

What bone bears the most weight of the body?

A

The calcaneus and the talus

30
Q

Name an example of a pivot joint

A

The proximal radioulnar joint, the joint between the atlas and the dens of the axis

31
Q

Name an example of a condylar joint

A

Knuckle joints or metacarpophalangeal joints

32
Q

Name an example of a saddle joint

A

The carpometacarpal joints in the thumb

33
Q

Name an example of a ball-and-socket joint

A

The shoulder and the hip

34
Q

What is bursitis?

A

An inflammation of bursae or the synovial membrane

35
Q

What is affected during a sprain?

A

In a sprain, the ligaments or tendons reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching or they are torn away from the bone

36
Q

Describe osteoarthritis

A

Most common form of arthritis. It typically affects the “wear-and-tear”. Affects the articular cartilages. Over the years, the cartilage softens, frays, and eventually breaks down. Bone spurs grow around the margins of eroded cartilage and restricts joint movement

37
Q

Describe rheumatoid arthritis

A

It is a chronic inflammatory disorder. It usually occurs between 40 and 50 but may occur at any age. It affects three times as many women as men. The fingers, wrists, ankles, and feet are affected at the same time and in a symmetrical manner.

38
Q

Describe Gouty arthritis

A

Uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissue of joints. It is most common in men and rarely appears before the age of 30. It tends to be genetic. The bone ends fuse together and the joint becomes immobilized.

39
Q

When do we see the most dramatic changes in the skeleton?

A

Childhood

40
Q

What is osteoporosis? When do we see osteoporosis in women and men?

A

Osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease that afflicts half of women over 65 and 20% of men over the age of 70

41
Q

Name the types of abnormal spinal curvatures

A

Scoliosis, Kyphosis, and Lordosis

42
Q

What common features do all vertebrae have?

A

Centrum: weight-bearing part of the vertebra facing anteriorly
Vertebral arch: arch formed from the joining of posterior extensions
Vertebral foramen: canal through which the spinal cord passes
Transverse processes: two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
Spinous process: single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch.
Superior and inferior processes: paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae

43
Q

What makes the C1 and C2 vertebrae special?

A 
They perform functions not shared by the other cervical vertebrae. The C1 (atlas) allows you to nod yes
The C2 (axis) allows you to indicate no
44
Q

What makes the sacrum and coccyx different from other vertebrae?

A

The sacrum is formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. Superiorly it articulates with L5, and inferiorly it connects with the coccyx
The coccyx is formed from the fusion of 3-5 tiny, irregularly shaped vertebrae.

45
Q

The thoracic cage is composed of what bones?

A

The sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

46
Q

Describe the different types of ribs

A 
The true ribs (first 7 pairs) attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilages
False ribs (the next 5 pairs) either attach indirectly to the sternum or are not attached to the sternum at all. 
Floating ribs(last 2 pairs of false ribs) lack sternal attachments
47
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

It is composed of 126 bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

48
Q

The bones of the shoulder girdle include what?

A

A clavicle: collarbone

And a Scapula: shoulder blades

49
Q

What bones are found in the upper limb?

A

The arm, forearm, and hand

50
Q

Describe the humerus and the major landmarks on the humerus

A

The arm is formed by a single bone, the humerus, which is a typical long bone.

51
Q

Which bone of the forearm is located closest to the thumb?

A

The radius

52
Q

What connects the two bones of the forearm together?

A

Flexible interosseous membrane

53
Q

What bones make up the hand?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

54
Q

How many types of the bones are found in the different parts of the hand?

A

8 carpal bones
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges

55
Q

Describe the pelvic girdle

A

The pelvic girdle is formed by two coxal bones and the sacrum

56
Q

What three bones make up the pelvis? What is located on the pelvis?

A

Ossa coxae(hip bones), the sacrum, the coccyx

The pelvic girdle contains the bony pelvis

57
Q

How does the female pelvis differ from the male pelvis?

A

Inlet is larger and more circular, shallower: bones are lighter and thinner, ilia flare more laterally, sacrum is shorter and less curved, ischial spines are shorter and less curved, ischial spines are shorter and farther apart: larger outlet, pubic arch is more rounded, pubic arch is greater

58
Q

What bones make up the lower limb?

A

The femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

(Thigh, leg, foot)

59
Q

What keeps the two leg bones together?

A

An interosseous membrane

60
Q

Describe the femur and the major landmarks on the femur

A

The femur is the only bone in the thigh
It is the heaviest and strongest bone

Greater and lesser trochanters, intertrochanteric line, intertrochanteric crest, gluteal tuberosity

61
Q

What makes a joint a fibrous joint?

A

A joint in which the bones are united by fibrous tissue

Ex: sutures of the skull

62
Q

When joints are structurally classified, what categories are they placed in?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints

63
Q

When joints are functionally classified, what categories are they placed in?

A

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, disrthroses

64
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Functionally and structurally

65
Q

What is a joint?

A

Also called articulations, are they sites where two or more bones meet

66
Q

What is the heel bone called?

A

Calcanenus

67
Q

What bone bears most of the body weight?

A

Calcaneus or heel bone

Anatomy (13 decks)

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