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Anatomy > Chapter 3 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Part 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Generalized cell

A

Basic parts that all cells have

Nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

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1
Q

Cells

A

Structural units of all living things

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

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3
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

The nucleus is bounded by a double membrane barrier called

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

When a cell is dividing to form two daughter like cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called ______

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

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6
Q

Hydrophilic

A

“Water loving”

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7
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“Water hating”

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8
Q

Tight junctions

A

Impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing thru the extracellular space between cells

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9
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells; prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart

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10
Q

Gap junctions

A

Function to allow communication

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11
Q

Connexons

A

Hollow cylinders composed of proteins that connect neighboring cells in gap junctions

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

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13
Q

Cytosol

A

Semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements

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14
Q

Organelles

A

Metabolic machinery of the cell

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15
Q

Inclusions

A

Chemical substances that may or may not be present , depending on the specific cell type

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis in cell. Some float free in cell where they manufacture proteins that function in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Essentially all of the building materials of cellular membranes are formed either in or on it, “membrane factory”

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19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Functions in lipid metabolism (cholesterol and fat synthesis and breakdown), and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins in specific ways, depending on their final destination

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21
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Sacs’ swollen ends filled with proteins pinch off and form____

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Function as the cells demolition sites. Digests worn-out or nonusable cell structures and most foreign substances that enter the cell

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23
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances

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24
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and Nucleic acids

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25
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Acts as a cell’s “bones and muscles” by furnishing an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports other organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport and various types of cellular movements

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26
Q

Microfilaments

A

Most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape

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27
Q

Microtubules

A

Determine the overall shape of the cell and the distribution of organelles

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28
Q

Cilia

A

Whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface

29
Q

Solution

A

A homogeneous mixture of two or more components

30
Q

Solvent

A

The substance present in largest amount in a solution

31
Q

Solutes

A

Components or substances present in smaller amounts

32
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water

33
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells

34
Q

Selective permeability

A

A barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding other

35
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which molecules move away from a region where they are more concentrated

36
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane

37
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

38
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Provides passage for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass throughout the membrane pores

39
Q

Filtration

A

The process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure

40
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Pushes solute containing fluid from the higher-pressure area to the lower pressure area

41
Q

Active transport

A

Requires protein carriers that combine specifically and reversibly with the substances to be transported across the membrane. Uses ATP to energize its protein carriers

42
Q

Sodium-potassium pumps

A

Simultaneously carries sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell is absolutely necessary for normal transmission of impulses by nerve cells

43
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane

44
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moves substances out of cells

45
Q

Vesicle

A

Small membranous sac

46
Q

Endocytosis

A

Includes ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle

47
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating”

48
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cell drinking”

49
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules

50
Q

Cell life cycle

A

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides

51
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities

52
Q

Cell division

A

Cell reproduces itself

53
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus

54
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

55
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Composed of microtubules

56
Q

Prophase

A

The DNA molecules progressively shorten and condense by coiling, to form chromosomes. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus are no longer visible.

The spindle apparatus has migrate to opposite poles of the cell.

57
Q

Metaphase

A

The spindle fibres attach themselves to the centromeres of the chromosomes and align the the chromosomes at the equatorial plate.

58
Q

Anaphase

A

The spindle fibres shorten and the centromere splits, separated sister chromatids are pulled along behind the centromeres.

59
Q

Telophase

A

The chromosomes reach the poles of their respective spindles. Nuclear envelope reform before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibres disintegrate.

60
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

Is over the midline of the spindle, and it eventually pinches the original cytoplasmic mass into two parts

61
Q

Gene

A

A DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain

62
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

63
Q

Ribonucleic acid, RNA

A

The Nucleic acid that contains ribose; acts in protein synthesis

64
Q

Transfer RNA molecules

A

Cloverleaf-shaped molecules

65
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built

66
Q

Messenger RNA molecules

A

Long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half a DNA molecule and carry the “message” containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

67
Q

Transcription

A

Involves the transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence of mRNA

68
Q

Triplet

A

Each three-base sequence specifying a particular amino acids on the DNA gene

69
Q

Codons

A

Corresponding three-base sequences on RNA

70
Q

Translation phase

A

The language of Nucleic acids is “translated” into the language of proteins

Anatomy (13 decks)

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