Study Guide

Question 1

Epidemic

Answer 1

The abnormally rapid spread of an infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a
short period of time

Question 2

Microbe

Answer 2

An organism that is invisible to the naked eye.

Question 3

Pandemic

Answer 3

An outbreak of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large geographical
region.

Question 4

Pathogen

Answer 4

Disease-causing microbes

Question 5

Endemic

Answer 5

Prevalent in a given geographical area

Question 6

Helper T cell

Answer 6

A type of immune cell that calls other immune cells to come and fight an infection

Question 7

Retrovirus

Answer 7

A virus that incorporates its genome into the host cell’s DNA

Question 8

Antibiotics

Answer 8

Molecules, produced usually by bacteria and fungi, that have the ability to suppress the growth of microbes or
kill them

Question 9

Antigen

Answer 9

A structure which can be recognized by the immune system as foreign

Question 10

Enzymes

Answer 10

Proteins produced by living organisms that are used to speed up chemical reactions

Question 11

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Answer 11

Large molecules composed of lipids and polysaccharides, critical in the making of the Gram-negative outer
membrane

Question 12

Lipoteichoic (LTS)

Answer 12

A polymer of modified lipids used to strengthen the Gram-positive cell wall

Question 13

Murein

Answer 13

A complex molecule (polymer) made of sugars and amino acids, that is the building block of the bacterial cell
wall

Question 14

Toxins

Answer 14

Molecules (usually proteins) produced by bacteria that are toxic to the host’s cells, and a major reason for the
symptoms of an infectious disease

Question 15

Capsid

Answer 15

Protein shell of a virus surrounding and protecting its genome

Question 16

Endocytosis

Answer 16

The process which cells use to absorb molecules from the outside by engulfing and bringing them inside the
cytoplasm

Question 17

Lysis

Answer 17

The process of rupturing or breaking down of a cell

Question 18

Viruses

Answer 18

Small, non-cellular (lacking a cell), infectious agents that can replicate only within the cells of living organisms

Question 19

Antibodies

Answer 19

Proteins produced by the immune system that bind to and eliminate foreign bodies

Question 20

Commensal flora

Answer 20

The microbes that normally inhabit our bodies and coexist with us without causing disease

Question 21

Defensins

Answer 21

Small peptides, that can poke holes microbial cell membrane causing them to die.

Question 22

Phagocytosis

Answer 22

The process of engulfing of solid particles by a phagocyte

Question 23

Sterile

Answer 23

Free of any biological agents including microscopic ones such as bacteria, fungi and viruses

Question 24

Gram positive vs gram negative and example of both

Answer 24

Positive just has a thick layer of murein that retains purple dye while negative has an extra outer membrane and is harder to detect and kill
Negative- HIV
Positive- Polio

Question 25

Structures of a bacteria cell

Answer 25

``` Capsule Flagellum Cell wall (+ or -) Pili Spores Nucleoid Plasmid ```

Question 26

Capsule

Answer 26

Camouflages bacteria from the immune system: not targeted

Question 27

Flagellum

Answer 27

Allows bacteria to move to things that attract them and away from cellular predators: avoid detection

Question 28

Pili

Answer 28

Helps bacteria stick to inhospitable sites: keep one step ahead of immune system

Question 29

Spores

Answer 29

Allows bacteria to remain dormant in unsuitable conditions: can be dormant for years

Question 30

Nucleoid

Answer 30

Helps bacteria divide with officiency

Question 31

Plasmid

Answer 31

Obtain new genes: resistant to antibiotics

Question 32

Naked vs enveloped

Answer 32

Naked is just a genome and a capsid. Enveloped is a genome, capsid, and an envelope.

Question 33

Naked (polio)

Answer 33

Attachment: need to attach to host before entry-receptors on capsid attach to cells Entry: inject their genomes into the host cells Hijack: takes over a host and the cell is now a factor in the virus Exit: the virus replicate so rapidly that it burst the cell open (lysis)

Question 34

Enveloped (H1N1)

Answer 34

Attachment: need to attach to host before entry-receptors on capsid attach to cells Entry: fuse their own membrane with the membrane of the host Hijack: takes over a host and the cell is now a factor in the virus Exit: exits by budding

Question 35

Bacteria vs virus

Answer 35

Bacteria has many more parts while viruses have at maximum 3. Viruses are much smaller and harder to kill even though they’re simpler.

Question 36

Disease vs infectious disease

Answer 36

Diseases are genetically but infectious is contagious or something you contract from an outside source

Question 37

Structures that help bacteria survive

Answer 37

Spores: help the disease remain dormant in bad conditions Pili: helps cling to cells in inhospitable places (nose) Plasmid: resistant to antibiotics Flagellum: helps move away from cellular predators Capsule: camouflages from immune system

Question 38

Antoinette plague

Answer 38

165-180 in Rome Killed 1/3 of population 2,000 people a day Entire towns wiped out

Question 39

Sterile body parts

Answer 39

``` Brain Bone marrow Hearts Blood Kidney Liver ```

Question 40

Unsterile body parts

Answer 40

``` Skin Stomach Mouth Eyes Nose Ears Lungs Intestines ```

Question 41

external barriers

Answer 41

``` Skin Tears Mucus Stomach acid Denfensins Commensal Bacteria Intestinal epithelium ```

Question 42

Functions of internal barriers

Answer 42

Complement Phagocytes B cells T cells

Question 43

Black Plague

Answer 43

1346 in Central Asia Population reduced by 100 million Killed 30-60% of population Transmitted by rats