Neurological Disorders #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

contains the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

includes all the nerves out-side the brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

Meninges

A

protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

White Matter

A

portions of the nervous system that appear white in color because they are composed of myelinated axons.

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5
Q

Grey Matter

A

portions of the nervous system that appear grey in color because they are composed of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons.

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6
Q

Sensation

A

immediate and basic experience generated as sensory stimuli fall on our sensory systems .

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7
Q

Perception

A

the higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complex patterns of sensations.

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8
Q

Aphasia

A

deficit in the ability to use or comprehend language caused by brain damage

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9
Q

Neuron

A

cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction and trans-mission of electrochemical signals

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10
Q

Dendrites

A

branched projection(s) of a neuron that functions as the receptive area of a neuron.

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11
Q

Axon

A

projection of a neuron that functions to conduct electrical impulses away from a neuron’s cell body

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12
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between adjacent myelin segments on an axon

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13
Q

Demyelination

A

the loss of myelin insulating neurons

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14
Q

Congenital Analgesia

A

disease in which patients do not sense pain

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15
Q

Diabetic Neuropathy

A

disorder in which nerves of the body are damaged due to high blood sugar levels resulting from diabetes

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16
Q

Compare and contrast the Phineas Gage and Patient H.M. case studies

A

Phineas Gages frontal lobe was affected by the pipe while patient HM had his hippocampus to stop his seizures. Which resulted in him being unable to form new memories.

17
Q

Be able to label a dissected brain inside and out

A
Outside
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
18
Q

Explain the differences between a PET scan, MRI, and EEG as they relate to the brain

A

PET- inject patients with radio tracers that accumulate around active tissues. The idea is that the more active, the more radioactivity they will give up, showing on the scan.

MRI- Magnetic resonance imaging uses the natural magnetic properties of the body to produce detailed images.

19
Q

Where are the five senses located in our brain?

A
Hearing- Temporal
Smell- Temporal
Touch- Parietal
Taste- Parietal 
Sight- occipital
20
Q

What is the difference between perception and sensation and give an example of each?

A

Perception is the way our brain interprets we sense into usable information for our brain. Senses are the raw things we touch, taste, see, smell, and hear.
Sense is putting your hand in cold water and feeling it is cold. While perception is taking your hand from the cold water and moving it to room temperature water and your brain making the room temperature seem warmer.

21
Q

What two places does perception happen in the brain and what does each area do?

A

Frontal cortex- resolves conflicts between different sensory inputs
Insular cortex- resolves discrepancies between what we see and what we touch

22
Q

Compare and contrast the Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

A

Brocas has to do with speech and wernickes has to do with comprehension.

23
Q

List and explain the three types of aphasia (Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and Conduction)

A

Brocas- can understand but can’t relay information correctly
Wernicks- can’t understand but can formulate sentences
Conduction- can understand and can speak correctly but doesn’t use the right words

24
Q

List all the parts of the neuron and what they do

A
Dendrites- receive inputs from other neurons
Cell body- stores the nucleus 
Initial segment- process inputs 
Axon- Sends signals electrically 
Myelin- insulates the axon 
Synapse- sends signals chemically
25
Q

What is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons as they relate to reaction time?

A

A myelinated axon has a faster reaction time as it insulates all of the electric signals and keeps them from escaping while unmyelinated axons let the energy escape and leads to slower reaction times.

26
Q

Compare and contrast the 6 different neurological disorders affecting the neuron

A
Congenital analgesia 
Heredity spastic paraplegia 
Diabetic neuropathy 
Charcot-Marie tooth disease 
Multiple sclerosis 
Alzheimer’s
27
Q

Congenital analgesia

A

Starts at birth. Unable to feel pain. Dendrites on pain receptors are deformed. Damage can be caused to the body without them being aware. No treatment.

28
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

20-40 years. Fluctuations between no symptoms and inflammation, muscles spasms,weakness of limbs, problems balancing. Damage of myelin sheaths. No treatments. Just medicine to numb the pain.

29
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

65-80 years old. Trouble remembering. Tangled synapses and lack of neural communication. Treatment includes trying to do activities that strengthen neural pathways.