Cancer Study Guide Flashcards
Explain why cancer is relevant to your age group and how you can change your lifestyle to reduce your risk of cancer.
• It is relevant because teens now are introduced to early drinking, smoking, taking too much ibuprofen. You can reduce your risk simply just by not part taking in these activities
Explain what metastasis means and how is significant in cancer mortality rates
The spread of malignant tumor cells from the site of the primary tumor through blood/lymph vessels. Cancer cells in the blood stream can form secondary tumors by entering and growing in another organ. Secondary tumors impacting specific organs and being graded treat, aka higher death rate
Explain what happened to Steve Jobs and if you agree or disagree with his decision to put of surgery and why
• Steve jobs was diagnosed with cancer in his pancreas in 2003 and had it removed 9 months later. 2009 he had a liver transplant to remove secondary tumors in the liver. 2011 he died of tumors in his lung. I disagree with his decision to wait to remove the tumor as waiting obviously did him no good so he might as well have tried to remove it as early as he could before it spread. Anything would’ve been better than what he did.
List the 6 people that made significant contributions about cancer and explain their notable findings and the impacts they had on the future of cancer research.
• Hippocrates- first characterized cancer, cancer is untreatable * Galen of Pergamon- classified 4 humors, black bile accumulation * Andreas Versalius- dissected human body, cancer is solid tumors *Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek- visualized cells, tumors are made of cells *rudolph Virchow- cells come from other cells, tumor cells divide rapidly * Stephen Paget- secondary tumors prefer certain organs, tumors spreading is important for disease
Explain the differences between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors and how do they lead to uncontrolled cell growth (tumors)
- Proto-oncogenes mean faster growth
- Tumor suppressors are slower growth
- When they mutate, cell growth cannot be controlled. Uncontrolled growth causes tumors. Tumors develop into cancer
Define the term carcinogen and explain how carcinogens can act directly or indirectly to mutate DNA
• An agent that is responsible for, or associated with cancer. Cells grow very rapidly which introduces mutations. Carcinogenic mutations are mutagens.
How does the AMES test work and how does it identify carcinogens in foods?
At first they tested the carcinogens on rats to see if they would grow tumors, then they would introduce it to human cells and see if the carcinogens had the ability to mutate the genes of the cell.
Test on accurate human cells in the future.
Different for males and females as they metabolize differently
Explain the differences between survival rate, incidence rate, and age-adjusted mortality rate in the context of cancer statistics.
SR- the percentage of people with that particular type of cancer who are expected to survive for a given length of time
IR- • The number of people who develop the disease per 100,000 people in the population.
MR- the percentage of people with a particular type of cancer who are expected to die within a given length of time
Explain how population statistics can be used to calculate risk factors for cancer
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