Study Guide 4 (10-12) Flashcards
Learned helplessness
A series of uncontrollable events creates this. We see this in abusive relationships, the feeling after they try all they can, that they just put their head down and take it.
Effects of over-active immune function in women
Can overreact and attack the body’s own tissues, causing arthritis or allergic reactions. Women have stronger immune systems making them less likely to get infections, but higher risk for autoimmune diseases (lupus and multiple sclerosis).
Mindfulness meditation
Silently relax and attend to inner state, without judgment. Found to reduce stress and awaken the parasympathetic system (calms heart rate and blood pressure).
Effects of regular aerobic exercise
Activity that increases heart and lung fitness works as a medicine. Seven hours longer life for every exercise hour. Boosts quality of life, more energy, better mood, stronger relationships, better stress management.
Immune system cells
- B lymphocytes: produces antibodies to fight infection from bacteria and viruses.
- T lymphocytes: Cytotoxic T cells destroys infected cells and Helper T cells send signals to other immune cells to fight.
- Macrophages: detect and eats foreign bodies.
These cells can become inactive with stress which can make you sick, healing is prolonged, vaccines won’t word, and infections last longer.
Self-control - contributors to
Self Control is the ability to control impulses and delay immediate gratification. More self control = higher incomes, better grades, enjoy good health, control stress. Treat test.
Adaptation level
We judge new events by comparing them with past experiences. If you woke up with all wishes granted, you would adapt your expectations and feel let down when events fall below those expectations (which might be a great event in the normal pre-wish granted world).
Internal locus of control
Belief people have that that they control their own destiny, not outside forces controlling their fate.
Effects of oxytocin
Supporting feelings of trust, calmness, and bonding.
HIV and AIDS
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Stress speeds up the transition from HIV to AIDS
Psychoneuroimmunology
Study of mind body interactions. Your emotions (psycho) affect your brain (neuro), which controls the endocrine hormones that influence your disease-fighting immune system.
Faith factor
Religiously active people tend to live longer. Belonging to a religious group gave people a sense of protection.
Locus of control
External: outside forces control fate
Internal: Inside controls own destiny
Internal is more healthy
Autonomic nervous system including understanding of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system reactions
Sympathetic (arousing): pupils dilate, dry mouth, sweating, quickened breath, accelerated heart, inhibits digestion, stress hormones in adrenal glands, reduced immune system function.
Parasympathetic (calming): Opposite of all the sympathetic system, slowed heart rate, enhanced immune system, less stress, slower breathing.
Flow
Happy people often in a zone called flow, where they are absorbed in tasks that don’t overwhelm them. Forms of leisure like tv and video games provide less flow experience than exercising, socializing, or being artistic.
Effects of marriage on health
Marriages are protective factors, even bad ones. It is not good for the health when it becomes violent and aggressive.
Effects of anger
Being challenged by a stressor can cause aggressive reactions. Sympathetic NS redistributes blood flow to muscles, which pulls it away from internal organs and can cause health problems
(11) Social loafing
Doing less in a group because others are doing your part. Exerting less strength in group tug of war than one on one or slacking in a group project.
Routes of persuasion
Peripheral: Attention-getting cues to trigger speedy, emotion based judgments. Actors endorsing something, linking not getting Covid vaccines with mumps.
Central: Offers evidence and arguments that aim to trigger careful thinking. Effective arguments to act on climate change using reasoning like accumulating greenhouse gases, melting ice, rising temp and water levels. Works well for people who are naturally analytical or involved in an issue.
Role of fathers
More violence in places with little father care. Father is the “hero” figure. Bravery, strength, moral, need to protect.
Self-esteem
Restful nights, outgoing, responsible, open to new experiences, communicate positively. Can also cause problems, they turn nasty towards those who puncture their bubbles of self-love.
Fundamental attribution error
Falsely labeling someone to have a certain personality trait. Jill at coffee is quiet, Jill at party is crazy. Attributing behavior to personality traits.
Passionate love
Mixes something new with something positive. Sexual desire + growing attachment = passion of romantic love. Physical arousal with cognitive appraisal. Arousal can enhance emotion.
Attitude development and change
Attitudes can influence how we respond to particular objects, people, and event. If we believe someone is mean, we may feel dislike for that person, and act unfriendly.
Exercise and attitude
Exercise makes for better attitude.
Conformity
Solomon Asch’s study: Different lengths of lines, which line does this match. You get 9 people before you to say A when it’s C, you will most likely say A out of group pressure and conformity even if you still think it’s C, they think they misunderstood or they don’t want to be alone.
(Stanley) Milgram Study: How can you be convinced to kill someone? Shock experiment.
Attraction
Proximity increases attraction. We are attracted to people who hold the same amount of attractiveness, similarities. Compassionate love is stronger, passionate love can turn into compassionate love over time.
Mirror-image perceptions
People in conflict form evil images of one another. They are seen as untrustworthy with evil intentions. Can form vicious cycles of hostility.
Stereotyping and discrimination
Race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, physical ability, religious background, weight, physical appearance, disabilities. To automatically perceive a person with a disability as incapable is to be prejudiced. To reject a qualified job candidate who happens to have a disability is to discriminate.
Group polarization
The beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like-minded others.
Cognitive dissonance
When we become aware of a mismatch between our attitudes and actions, when our behavior doesn’t match our values, we experience mental discomfort. Relief from tension. Over time, you will hate a job less because your brain doesn’t want you do be miserable and to be different from your values.
Sex differences in poverty
Men are blamed more for their poverty, but there’s a belief that men would handle government money better.
Mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure to novel visual stimuli increases liking. You like the mirror image of your face, your friends like the real image of your face.
(12) Reciprocal determination
Personal traits interact with our environment to influence our behavior. Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences all operate as interlocking determinants of each other.
Psychodynamic view of personality
View human behavior as a lively interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind.
Freud’s structures of personality
- Id: pleasure principle, wants satisfaction immediately. aggression and sex.
- Ego: reality principle. sex always.
- Superego: rules for right and wrong. sex never.
False consensus effect
Overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. People who binge-drink or speed tend to think many others do the same.
Social-cognitive perspective
How our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social situations.
Self-esteem
Sometimes we preserve our self-esteem by ignoring threatening information, but that’s rare and usually in extreme trauma cases.
Projective tests
Asks test takers to describe an ambiguous image or tell a story about it. Offers a glimpse into their unconscious.
Trait theory
Approach to personality that focuses on identifying and measuring traits (consistent patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion).
Carl Rogers and person-centered theory
People are good, environment provides: acceptance (free to be ourselves without fear), genuineness (genuine to others, drop false fronts), empathy (sharing others feelings and reflect). These things help us reach our potential.
Big Five
OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
Helps understand personality by falling on a scale for these 5.
Eysenck Personality Questionnaires
Measures extraversion/introversion and emotion stability/instability. Cheese wheel.
Frued’s psychsexual stages
Oral (0-1): Goal, stop feeding. Fixation, oral aggression and dependence (overeating, chewing habits).
Anal (1-3): Goal, potty trained. Fixation, OCD, hyper control.
Phallic (3-6): Goal, gender identity development. Fixation, Don Juan or weak females.
Latency (6-12): sexual behavior goes quiet and developed mastery and education.
Genital (12+): Puberty
Ego defense mechanisms - know the most common
Ego sometimes distorts reality.
- Regression: thumb sucking
- Reaction formation: exaggerated friendliness
- Projection: speeders think others speed
- Rationalization: drinker says it’s just social
- Displacement: kicking dogs after time-out
- Denial: partner denies evidence of lovers affair
